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Quarterly Continuous PNAD: unemployment increases in 16 of the 27 Federation Units in Q1 2023

May 18, 2023 09h00 AM | Last Updated: May 23, 2023 10h52 PM

The  unemployment rate in the country in Q1 2023 reached 8.8%, havind increased by 0.9 percentage points (p.p.) from Q4 2022 (7.9%) and with a drop of 2.4 p.p. from the same quarter in 2022 (11.1%). Against the previous quarter, the unemployment rate increased in six of the 27 Federation Units, and remained remaining stable in the other 11 ones.

The highest unemployment rates were registered in Bahia (14.4%), Pernambuco (14.1%) and Amapá (12.2%), and the lowest, in Rondônia (3.2%), Santa Catarina (3.8%) and Mato Grosso (4.5%).

The unemployment rate by sex was 7.2% among men and 10.8% among women in Q1 2023. The unemployment rate by color or race stood below the national average (8.8%) for white persons (6.8%) and above that for black (11.3%) and brown (10.1%) ones.

The unemployment rate for persons with incomplete secondary education (15.2%) exceeded the rates of other levels of schooling. Among persons with incomplete higher education, the rate was 9.2%, more than twice as that observed for complete higher education (4.5%).

In the third quarter of 2022, the compound underutilization rate of the workforce (percentage of unemployed persons, time-related underemployed persons and in the potential workforce in relation to the extended workforce) was 18.9%. Piauí (39.6%) reported the highest rate, followed by Sergipe (33.4%) and Bahia (32.9%). The lowest underutilization rates were those of Santa Catarina (6.4%), Rondônia (6.7%) and Mato Grosso (9.4%).

In Q1 2023, 2.2 million persons had been looking for a job for two years and over. This number fell by 35.3% from the last quarter of 2022, when 3.5 million persons had been searching for work for two years and over.

The percentage of discouraged persons (against the population in the workforce or discouraged population) in Q1 2023 was 3.5%. Maranhão (14.3%), Alagoas (13.4%) and Piauí (13.0%) recorded the highest percentages of discouraged persons, whereas the lowest were in Santa Catarina (0.3%), Rondônia (0.6%) and mato Grosso do Sul (0.7%).

The percentage of employed persons with a formal contract in the private sector was 74.1%. The highest percentages were those of Santa Catarina (88.2%), Rio Grande do Sul (82.2%) and São Paulo (81.1%), and the lowestt, those of Maranhão (50.8%), Pará (51.2%) and Piauí (51.7%).

The percentage of the self-employed population in the country was 25.8%. Rondônia (37.3%), Amazonas (32.5%) and Amapá (32.3%) accounted for the highest percentages and the Federal District (20.7%), Tocantins (21.3%) and Mato Grosso do Sul (22.3%), for the lowest.

The informality rate in Brazil reached 39.0% of the employed population. The highest rates were those of Pará (59.6%), Amazonas (57.2%) and Maranhão (56.5%) and and the lowest, of Santa Catarina (26.1%), Federal District (30.3%) and São Paulo (30.6%).

The usual monthly real average earnings was R$2,880, remaining stable against the fourth quarter of 2022 (R$2,861) and with a drop against the same quarter in 2022 (R$2,682). In the quarter, results remained stable in all the Major Regions, except for the Northeast (R$ 1,979), where there was increase. In the annual comparison, all the Major Region recorded increases.

Unemployment rate increases 16 FUs and remains stable in other 11  

Compared with the fourth quarter of 2022, the unemployment rate increased in 16 Federation Units and remained stable in the remaining ones. The highest unemployment rates were registered in Bahia (14.4%), Pernambuco (14.1%) and Amapá (12.2%) and, the lowest ones, in Rondônia (3.2%), Santa Catarina (3.8%) and Mato Grosso (4.5%).

Unemployment rate, by Federation Unit, against the
previous quarter (%) - Q1 2023

FU 4T 2022 Q1 2023 status
Pernambuco 12.3 14.1
Rio Grande do Norte 9.9 12.1
Distrito Federal 10.3 12.0
Piauí 9.5 11.1
Alagoas 9,3 10.6
Maranhão 8.3 9.9
Pará 8,2 9,8
Ceará 7.8 9.6
Brazil 7.9 8.8
São Paulo 7.7 8.5
Tocantins 5.2 6.9
Roraima 4.6 6.8
Minas Gerais 5.8 6.8
Rio Grande do Sul 4.6 5.4
Mato Grosso do Sul 3.3 4.8
Mato Grosso 3.5 4.5
Santa Catarina 3.2 3.8
Bahia 13.5 14.4
Amapá 13.3 12.2
Sergipe 11.9 11.9
Rio de Janeiro 11.4 11.6
Paraíba 10.3 11.1
Amazonas 10.0 10.5
Acre 10.0 9.8
Espírito Santo 7.2 7.0
Goiás 6.6 6.7
Paraná 5.1 5.4
Rondônia 3.1 3.2

Piauí has highest underutilization rate (39.6%) and Santa Catarina, the lowest (6.4%)  

The compound underutilization rate of the workforce was 18.9% in the third quarter of 2022. Piauí (39.6%) recorded the highest rate, followed by Sergipe (337.4%) and Bahia (32.9%). The lowest underutilization rates were those of Santa Catarina (6.4%), Rondônia (6.7%) and Mato Grosso (9.4%).

Compound underutilization rate of the workforce by FU (%) - Q1 2023

Rondônia has highest proportion of self-employed workers (37.3%) and DF, the lowest (20.7%)  

The percentage of the self-employed population in the country was 25.8%. The highest percentages were registered in Rondônia (37.3%), Amazonas (32.5%) and Amapá (32.3%) and the lowest ones, in the Federal District (20.7%), Tocantins (21.3%) and Mato Grosso do Sul (22.3%).

Percentage of
self-employed persons, by FU (%) - Q1 2023

FU Value
Distrito Federal 20.7
Tocantins 21.3
Mato Grosso do Sul 22.3
Sergipe 22.7
Goiás 22.9
Paraná 23.0
São Paulo 23.5
Minas Gerais 24.1
Santa Catarina 24.4
Alagoas 24.5
Rio Grande do Sul 24.8
Espírito Santo 25.6
Brazil 25.8
Mato Grosso 26.2
Roraima 26.7
Rio de Janeiro 27.0
Rio Grande do Norte 27.1
Acre 28.0
Piauí 28.0
Ceará 28.9
Paraíba 29.3
Bahia 29.4
Pernambuco 30.4
Maranhão 31.5
Pará 31.7
Amapá 32.3
Amazonas 32.5
Rondônia 37.3

Maranhão has lowest percentage (50.8%) of workers with a formal contract; Santa Catarina, the highest one (88.2%)  

In the first quarter of 2023, 74.1% of the employees in the private sector had a formal labor contract. The Northeast (58.9%) and North Regions (57.6%) recorded the lowest rates. Among domestic workers, 26.1% had a formal contract in Brazil. In the same quarter in 2016, this proportion had been 25.0%.

Among the Federation Units, the highest percentages of persons employed with a formal contract in the private sector were in Santa Catarina (88.2%), Rio Grande do Sul (82.2%) and São Paulo (81.1%), and the lowest ones were in Maranhão (50.8%) and Piauí (51.7%).

Percentage of persons WITH a formal contract among workers
in the private sector, by Federation Unit (%) - Q1 2023

FU Value
Maranhão 50.8
Pará 51.2
Piauí 51.7
Tocantins 53.5
Sergipe 56.5
Ceará 56.9
Bahia 57.4
Paraíba 58.6
Roraima 60.2
Alagoas 61.9
Amazonas 63.9
Rio Grande do Norte 64.2
Pernambuco 67.6
Acre 67.9
Amapá 69.8
Rondônia 72.4
Goiás 73.4
Espírito Santo 74.1
Brasil 74.1
Minas Gerais 75.6
Mato Grosso do Sul 76.4
Rio de Janeiro 77.8
Distrito Federal 78.1
Mato Grosso 79.0
Paraná 80.4
São Paulo 81.1
Rio Grande do Sul 82.2
Santa Catarina 88.2

Against the previous quarter, earnings increase in the Northeast only  

The usual monthly real average earnings were R$2,880, being stable against the fourth quarter of 2022 (R$2,861) and the same quarter of 2022 (R$2,682). Against the fourth quarter in 2022, the Northeast (R$1,979) was the Major Region to record an increase in earnings, whereas the other ones remained stable. In relation to Q1 2022, average earnings increased in all the Major Regions.  

The average monthly wage bill from all the activities was estimated at R$ 277.2 billion, with stability against the previous quarter (R$ 279.5 billion). From Q1 2022 (R$ 250.2 billion), there was an increase of wage bill.

Pará has the highest informality rate (59.6%) and Santa Catarina, the lowest one (26.1%)  

The informality rate in Brazil reached 39.0% of the employed population. The highest rates were those of Pará (59.6%), Amazonas (56.5%) and Maranhão (56.5%) and the lowest, of Santa Catarina (26.1%), Federal District (30.3%) and São Paulo (30.6%).  

The calculation of informality rate of the employed population considers the following groups: Worker in the private sector without a formal employment contract; Domestic worker without a formal employment contract; Employer without a CNPJ register; Self-employed worker without a CNPJ register; and Contributing family worker.

Informality rate of the employed population,
by FU (%) - Q1 2023

UF Value
Pará 59.6
Amazonas 57.2
Maranhão 56.5
Bahia 53.7
Ceará 52.7
Piauí 52.5
Sergipe 51.0
Paraíba 50.0
Pernambuco 48.9
Rondônia 48.2
Roraima 48.1
Amapá 46,6
Rio Grande do Norte 45.9
Alagoas 45.4
Tocantins 45.3
Acre 45.1
Brasil 39.0
Espírito Santo 38.7
Goiás 37.2
Minas Gerais 37.1
Rio de Janeiro 36.5
Mato Grosso 35,7
Mato Grosso do Sul 34.3
Rio Grande do Sul 32.0
Paraná 31.7
São Paulo 30.6
Distrito Federal 30.3
Santa Catarina 26.1

Unemployment drops in all the ranges of time searching for work  

In Q1 2023, the totals of all ranges of time searching for a job recorded percent decreases, as shown in the table below: In Q1 2023, 2.2 million persons had been searching for a job for two years of more This total fell by 35.3% against the first quarter of 2022, when there were 3.5 million persons in this range. However, against the start of the time series, in the first quarter of 2012, the total of persons searching for two years and over grew by 27.4%.

Time searching for a job 1º Trimestre
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Less than 1 month 1 137 1 163 1 026 1 037 1 299 1 773 2 046 2 164 2 371 1 866 2 060 1 970
Between 1 month and less than 1 year 3 767 4 242 3 762 4 369 5 906 7 076 6 488 6 206 6 018 7 206 4 879 4 242
Between 1 year and less than 2 years 990 1 056 1 035 1 259 2 037 2 569 2 288 1 920 1 647 2 600 1 546 979
2 years and over 1 759 1 405 1 318 1 380 2 039 2 887 3 051 3 361 3 112 3 585 3 463 2 241
Time searching for a job Percentage change
2013/
2012
2014/
2013
2015/
2014
2016/
2015
2017/
2016
2018/
2017
2019/
2018
2020/
2019
2021/
2020
2022/
2021
2023/
2022
2023/
2012
Less than 1 month 2.3 -11.8 1.1 25.3 36.5 15.4 5.8 9.6 -21.3 10.4 -4.4 73.3
Between 1 month and less than 1 year 12.6 -11.3 16.1 35.2 19.8 -8.3 -4.3 -3.0 19.7 -32.3 -13.1 12.6
Between 1 year and less than 2 years 6.7 -2.0 21.6 61.8 26.1 -10.9 -16.1 -14.2 57.9 -40.5 -36.7 -1.1
2 years and over -20.1 -6.2 4.7 47.8 41.6 5.7 10.2 -7.4 15.2 -3.4 -35.3 27.4