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Demography of Enterprises and Entrepreneurship 2019: balance between open and closed enterprises was positive after 5 years

October 22, 2021 10h00 AM | Last Updated: October 27, 2021 05h44 PM

After showing five negative balances between 2014 and 2018, the difference between the number of inbound and closed enterprises was positive in 2019, reaching 290.9 thousand. Part of that positive balance can be related to the fact that, in 2019, Enterprises Demography, which is based on the data of the Central Register of Enterprises (CEMPRE), began to also include information from eSocial, which will gradually replace data from RAIS.

The entry rate of enterprises was 20.2% (or 947.3 thousand) in 2019, being 15.5% of new enterprises (or 726.5 thousand) and 4.7% of re-entry ones (or 220.8 thousand). The exit rate stayed at 14.0% (or 656.4 thousand enterprises).

The highest balance of enterprises was registered in Professional scientific and technical activities (61,388 enterprises) and Human health and social services (44,294 enterprises).

The highest exit rates occurred in Amapá (22.0%), Maranhão (20.3%) and Roraima (18.2%) and the lowest ones, in Santa Catarina (10.7%), Rio Grande do Sul (12.6%) and Espírito Santo (12.8%).

The 4.7 million active enterprises in 2019 had 5.2 million local units, from which 50.5% were located in the Southeast.

In 2019, the survival rate was 79.8% (or 3.7 million enterprises), below that of 2018 (84.1%).

Between 2018 and 2019, the number of active enterprises increased 6.6%, whereas salaried employed personnel grew 2.4% (774.8 thousand).

Concerning entrepreneurship, the number of high-growth enterprises reached 25,011 in 2019, an increase of 10.0% over 2018. High-growth enterprises represented 1.1% of the enterprises with salaried employed personnel and 5.4% of the enterprises with 10 or more salaried persons in Brazil. They employed 3.3 million salaried persons and paid R$94.6 billion in salaries and other compensation, with a monthly average salary of 2.5 minimum wages.

These are some of the highlights of the Enterprises Demography and Statistics of Entrepreneurship 2019, which analyzes the enterprise dynamics through indicators of entry, exit, re-entry and survival of enterprises, as well as high-growth enterprises and gazelles, among others.

In 2019, the Central Register of Enterprises (CEMPRE) added up to 4.7 million active enterprises that employed 39.7 million people, being 33.1 million (83.3%) as salaried persons and 6.6 million (16.7%) as partners or owners. The average age of the enterprises was 11.7 years.

The salaries and other compensation added up to R$1.1 trillion, with a monthly average salary of 2.5 minimum wages, the equivalent to R$2,530.76.

Of the total number of active enterprises in 2019, 79.8% (3.7 million) were surviving enterprises and 20.2% (or 947.3 thousand) were inbound enterprises (that entered in the list of active enterprises in 2019).

Of the 947.3 thousand inbound enterprises in 2019, 15.5% (or 726.5 thousand) were births and 4.7% (or 220.8 thousand), enterprises that re-entered in the list of active enterprises. On the other hand, nearly 14.0% (or 656.4 thousand) of the enterprises considered active left the market in 2019.

In 2019, the Demography of Enterprises and Entrepreneurship, which is based on the data of the Central Register of Enterprises (CEMPRE), began to incorporate the information from the System of Digital Bookkeeping of Fiscal, Social Security and Labor Obligations (eSocial), which is gradually replacing the Annual List of Social Information (RAIS). As a result, methodological adjustments were carried out to select active units from this edition onwards.

2019 has the first positive balance since 2013: more 291 thousand enterprises

In 2019, the balance of enterprises, i.e., the difference between entries and exits, reached 290.9 thousand, the first positive balance after five years. The increase in the number of inbound enterprises (from 697.1 thousand in 2018 to 947.3 thousand in 2019) contributed to that reversal, as well as the reduction of exits (from 762.9 thousand in 2018 to 656.4 thousand in 2019).

As a result, the entry rate rose from 15.9% to 20.2% within a year, whereas the exit rate dropped from 17.4% to 14.0% in the period. The table below details such movements, as well as it shows the five negative balances occurred between 2014 and 2018.

It should be highlighted that part of the positive balance of 2019 can be related to the fact that, as of this year, the Demography of Enterprises began to incorporate the information from eSocial, replacing the data from RAIS.

Enterprises and salaried employed personnel and respective
 rates, by type of demographic event - Brazil- 2008-2019
Year Active enterprises Exits Balances (Entries - Exits)
Total Sobreviventes Entradas
Total Rates (%) Total Rates (%) Total Rates (%)
Enterprises
2008 4 077 662 3 188 176 78.2  889 486 21.8  719 915 17.7  169 571
2009 4 268 930 3 322 254 77.8  946 676 22.2  755 154 17.7  191 522
2010 4 530 583 3 531 460 77.9  999 123 22.1  736 428 16.3  262 695
2011 4 538 347 3 666 543 80.8  871 804 19.2  864 035 19.0  7 769
2012 4 598 919 3 738 927 81.3  859 992 18.7  799 419 17.4  60 573
2013 4 775 098 3 903 435 81.7  871 663 18.3  695 748 14.6  175 915
2014 4 557 411 3 831 140 84.1  726 271 15.9  943 958 20.7 (-)  217 687
2015 4 552 431 3 843 787 84.4  708 644 15.6  713 628 15.7 (-)  4 984
2016 4 481 596 3 833 122 85.5  648 474 14.5  719 551 16.1 (-)  71 077
2017 4 458 678 3 782 234 84.8  676 444 15.2  699 376 15.7 (-)  22 932
2018 4 392 871 3 695 792 84.1  697 079 15.9  762 940 17.4 (-)  65 861
2019 4 683 840 3 736 529 79.8  947 311 20.2  656 372 14.0  290 939
Salaried employed personnel
008 26 978 086 26 160 232 97.0  817 854 3.0  414 908 1.5  402 946
2009 28 238 708 27 373 575 96.9  865 133 3.1  452 208 1.6  412 925
2010 30 821 123 29 797 370 96.7 1 023 753 3.3  363 848 1.2  659 905
2011 32 706 200 31 726 069 97.0  980 131 3.0  410 407 1.3  569 724
2012 33 915 323 32 964 847 97.2  950 476 2.8  453 082 1.3  497 394
2013 35 050 524 34 162 830 97.5  887 694 2.5  524 159 1.5  363 535
2014 35 220 894 34 373 780 97.6  847 114 2.4  525 652 1.5  321 462
2015 33 623 393 32 845 567 97.7  777 826 2.3  492 182 1.5  285 644
2016 32 011 930 31 272 598 97.7  739 332 2.3  507 051 1.6  232 281
2017 31 877 046 31 047 640 97.4  829 406 2.6  469 406 1.5  360 000
2018 32 296 827 31 433 572 97.3  863 255 2.7  512 113 1.6  351 142
2019 33 071 591 32 037 129 96.9 1 034 462 3.1  438 917 1.3  595 545
Source: IBGE, Diretoria de Pesquisas, Coordenação de Cadastro e Classificações, Cadastro Central de Empresas 2005-2019.
Note: Due to likely changes in the scope of the enterprises from one year to the other, the calculation of the number of active enterprises (or salaried employed personnel) in year t is not necessarily equivalent to the number of active enterprises (or salaried employed personnel) in year t-1 plus the entries in year t less the exits in year t. Look at the Technical notes for more detailed information.

Survival rate is higher among larger enterprises

The survival rate changed accordingly to the size of the enterprises. Between 2014 and 2019, the enterprises that were born without salaried employed personnel registered a survival rate of 32.1%; the enterprises between one and nine salaried persons recorded a rate of 49.1% and those with ten or more salaried persons reached 64.5%.

The study also analyzed the survival of local units in the 5-year period. Of the 755 thousand local units of enterprises born in 2009, 41.6% survived (were active) in 2014. Among the Federation Units, Amapá posted the lowest survival rate (28.9% of local units) and Santa Catarina, the highest one (49.3%).

New enterprises have lower percentage of persons with higher education

In the active enterprises in 2019, men were the majority of the employed and salaried population (60.6%) against 39.4% of women. The share of women was similar in the surviving enterprises (39.3%), as well as in those that entered (41.3%) and left (42.7%).

In the events of entry and exit of enterprises, the share of employees with higher education was 8.4% and 7.5%, respectively, whereas the share in surviving enterprises was 14.7%, a difference of up to 7.2 percentage points.

Of the total number of employees in high-growth enterprises, the number of professionals with higher education changed from 9.6% to 15.0% between 2009 and 2019, which represented an advance of 5.4 percentage points. That change moved from 10.2% to 15.8% in the enterprises with ten or more salaried employed persons, i.e., more 5.6 percentage points.

Professional, scientific and technical activities registered the highest balance of enterprises

Considering the economic activities, the biggest highlight was Professional, scientific and technical activities, a sector that includes independent professionals and that recorded one of the highest entry rates (27.2%) and the highest balance of enterprises (61,388 enterprises).  Human health and social services significantly contributed to the balance of 44,294 enterprises, mainly leveraged by the inbound business activities of outpatient care, carried out by physicians and odontologists.

North registered the highest entry rate of local units and Northeast, the highest exit rate

The 4.7 million active enterprises had 5.2 million local units, from which 50.5% were located in the Southeast. It was followed by the South (22.5%), Northeast (14.9%), Central-West (8.4%) and North (3.7%) regions.

In four regions, the entry rate surpassed the national average: North (23.3%), Northeast (20.9%), Southeast (20.8%) and Central-West (22.3%). The South (18.3%) was the exception. Concerning the exit rates, the Northeast (17.4%), North (16.9%) and Central-West (15.0%) surpassed the national average (14.0%).

In the Federation Units, the highest entry rates occurred in Amazonas (26.9%), Acre (23.9%), Mato Grosso and the Federal District, both with 23.8%.. Conversely, Rio Grande do Sul (17.0%), Santa Catarina (18.9%) and Minas Gerais (19.1%) recorded the lowest rates.

The highest exit rates were in Amapá (22.0%), Maranhão (20.3%) and Roraima (18.2%). The lowest exit rates were in Santa Catarina (10.7%), Rio Grande do Sul (12.6%), Espírito Santo (12.8%) and Paraná (13.2%)

Local units and survival rate of local units born in 2009, by year
of observation, according to the Major Regions and Federation Units - 2009-2019
Major Regions and Federation Units Local units born in 2009 Survival rate, by year of observation (%)
1st year
2010
2nd year 2011 3rd year
2012
4th year 2013 5th year 2014 6th year
2015
7th year
2016
8th year
2017
9th year
2018
10th year
2019
Brazil   755 034 77.5 65.3 56.0 48.9 41.6 36.8 32.6 29.0 25.6 22.9
North   32 925 73.1 60.0 50.6 43.2 35.6 31.3 27.5 24.1 21.3 19.0
Rondônia   5 535 77.0 65.4 56.3 49.4 43.0 37.7 33.6 29.1 26.3 23.8
Acre   1 487 68.9 57.4 48.2 41.0 33.0 29.1 25.1 22.2 19.8 17.6
Amazonas   6 647 66.8 54.0 44.3 37.2 29.6 26.0 22.8 20.1 18.1 16.3
Roraima   1 301 72.6 57.8 46.8 39.5 31.7 27.3 24.1 21.1 18.1 16.4
Pará   11 911 74.2 60.8 51.8 44.4 36.2 31.9 28.1 24.7 21.5 19.0
Amapá   1 665 69.2 54.5 43.0 35.5 28.9 24.6 20.6 18.0 15.6 13.2
Tocantins   4 379 77.6 63.9 54.5 45.7 38.5 33.8 29.7 26.2 23.1 20.7
Northeast   125 639 77.1 64.5 54.9 47.6 39.3 34.8 30.8 27.3 23.9 20.9
Maranhão   11 550 73.8 60.3 51.6 44.2 35.4 31.0 27.2 24.0 21.2 18.3
Piauí   6 068 80.9 70.4 61.1 52.5 44.7 40.5 36.9 33.9 30.9 27.7
Ceará   22 653 76.8 63.7 53.7 46.9 37.4 33.0 29.1 25.4 22.0 19.2
Rio Grande do Norte   8 740 77.9 66.3 57.2 49.5 40.8 36.4 31.9 28.3 24.9 22.1
Paraíba   7 574 81.5 69.4 59.9 52.8 44.2 39.7 35.9 32.3 28.9 26.0
Pernambuco   20 775 75.7 63.1 53.7 46.6 38.8 34.3 30.3 26.8 23.0 20.0
Alagoas   6 192 78.5 66.2 56.1 48.6 40.9 35.8 31.5 28.0 24.3 21.0
Sergipe   3 919 78.4 67.2 59.5 51.7 44.8 40.2 35.3 31.7 28.0 25.2
Bahia   38 168 77.0 64.1 54.2 46.8 38.8 34.2 30.2 26.9 23.4 20.5
Southeast   370 940 77.8 65.8 56.3 49.3 41.9 37.0 32.4 28.8 25.4 22.8
Minas Gerais   80 875 77.8 65.1 55.1 48.3 40.9 36.3 32.3 29.0 25.7 23.0
Espírito Santo   14 668 76.2 64.9 55.5 49.3 41.6 37.1 33.3 29.8 26.0 23.6
Rio de Janeiro   49 077 77.1 65.8 56.9 50.3 43.4 38.7 34.4 30.5 26.8 23.8
São Paulo   226 320 78.0 66.2 56.6 49.4 42.0 36.9 32.0 28.3 25.0 22.4
South   159 843 78.0 66.0 57.3 50.6 44.0 39.4 35.5 31.9 28.6 26.0
Paraná   61 834 79.3 67.3 59.1 52.3 45.6 40.9 36.7 32.8 29.3 26.4
Santa Catarina   34 331 81.8 70.4 61.9 55.2 49.3 44.4 40.4 36.7 33.1 30.6
Rio Grande do Sul   63 678 74.8 62.3 53.0 46.5 39.7 35.2 31.8 28.5 25.5 23.1
Central-West   65 687 78.0 65.4 55.7 48.6 41.3 36.6 32.4 28.8 25.1 22.4
Mato Grosso do Sul   8 978 78.8 66.9 58.7 52.1 44.6 40.4 36.3 32.9 29.1 26.2
Mato Grosso   14 139 74.8 61.9 52.3 46.0 39.3 35.2 31.3 28.2 24.8 22.5
Goiás   27 347 79.3 66.5 56.6 49.0 41.9 37.1 33.0 29.2 25.7 22.7
Distrito Federal   15 223 77.9 65.6 55.6 48.0 40.3 34.6 30.1 26.3 22.1 19.3
Source: IBGE, Diretoria de Pesquisas, Coordenação de Cadastro e Classificações, Cadastro Central de Empresas 2006-2019.

The survival of local units born in 2009 was also analyzed. Only 22.9% survived up to 2019 and only 41.6% up to 2014. Among the Federation Units, the survival rates in the fifth year of life varied from 28.9% in Amapá to 49.3% in Santa Catarina. The North showed the highest gap: 43.0% in Rondônia against 28.9% in Amapá. In the Southeast, Minas Gerais (40.9%) recorded the lowest rate and Rio de Janeiro (43.4%), the highest one.

Surviving enterprises created 9% of new local units and 30.8% of new jobs

The surviving enterprises participated with 9.0% (95.4 thousand) of the total number of inbound local units in 2019 (1.1 million), signaling a regional expansion. The surviving enterprises also accounted for nearly one third (30.8%) of the salaried personnel of the inbound local units.

The study also highlighted that the size and average salary of the local units opened by surviving enterprises were higher. While the monthly average salary of the 1.1 million inbound local units was R$1,709.87, the units that came from surviving enterprises paid a monthly average salary 15.5% higher (R$1,974.98).

High-growth enterprises increased between 2018 and 2019

Among the active enterprises with salaried employed personnel, only 1.1% were high-growth enterprises, though they were responsible for 9.9% of all the salaried personnel. The survey showed that the pace of expansion of the number of high-growth enterprises remained: in 2018, the growth was of 11.9% and, in 2019, the increase was of 10.0%, adding up to 25,011 enterprises. They employed 3.3 million salaried persons and paid R$94.6 billion in salaries and other compensation, with a monthly average salary of 2.5 minimum wages.

In 2008, high-growth enterprises represented 8.3% of the entities with 10 or more salaried persons, a proportion that continuously declined up to 2017, when it hit 4.5%. With the increase registered in 2019, that share rose to 5.4%.

In the high-growth enterprises in 2019, men were the majority of the employed salaried population (62.6%) against 37.4% of women. The figures were similar among the enterprises with ten or more salaried persons - 62.2% and 37.8%, respectively.

To remain growing organically was not that simple. Considering the high-growth enterprises in the 2008-2014 period, on average, only 5.7% repeated that condition after five years and only 3.5% did that ten years later.

11.2% of the high-growth enterprises were gazelles

In 2019, 2,805 enterprises were gazelles (high-growth enterprises with up to five years of age) that employed 214.3 thousand salaried persons. In 2019, both variables increased: 8.0% in the amount of gazelles and 7.8% in the amount of salaried persons.