The National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) 2011 shows that, from 2009 to 2011, the average real income from all the activities of employed income-earners at 10 years of age and over grew by 8.3%.  In the classification by income ranges, the biggest growth of income from work (29.2%) was observed in the 10% earning the lowest income.  In a general way, income growth faced more decrease as the value of income increased.   

 

As a result, the Gini Index for income from work in Brazil fell from 0.518 in 2009 to 0.501 in 2011 (the closer to zero the index is, the less concentrated is the distribution of income). Considering the Major Regions, only in the North was there increase of the index, from 0.488 in 2009 to 0.496 in 2011. Differently from other Regions, the North recorded bigger growth among the 5% of persons with the highest income (from R$5,480.00 to R$ 6,429.00). In the other Major Regions income growth was highest among the disadvantaged and lowest among the 10% with the highest income; the South Region recorded the most significant decrease of  the Gini Index (from 0.482 to 0.461).

 

The average real monthly income of permanent private housing units with income was estimated at R$ 2,419.00 in 2011, representing real gain of 3.3% in relation to that of 2009 (R$ 2,341.00). Household income grew in all the Major Regions.   The Northeast had the lowest change (2.0%) over 2009, as well as the lowest value (R$ 1,607.00).  

 

From 2009 to 2011, the number of workers with an employment record card signed in the private sector increased by 3.6 million.  Out of the total private-sector workers, 74.6% had a signed  employment record card .  The income of persons of 10 years of age and over, employed and earning income, increased from R$ 1,242.00 to R$ 1,345.00, from 2009 to 2011.  

The profile of the unemployed aged 15 and over was also covered by PNAD.  More than half of the unemployed were women, 35.1% had never worked, more than one third (33.9%) were youngster ranging from 18 to 24 years of age; 57.6% were black or brown and 53.6% had incomplete high-school education. PNAD also confirmed the downward trend of child labor (of persons 5 to 17 years of age) in 2011. It fell by 14% in two years, but still affects, nevertheless, 3.7 million persons.   

 

The literacy rate  of persons aged 15 and over in Brazil in 2011 was 8.6% (12.9 million illiterate persons), 1.1 percentage points less than in 2009 (9.7%, 14.1 million illiterate ones).  Among the illiterate, 96.1% were 25 years of age and over.  In this group, more than 60% were 50 years of age and over (8.2 million).

 

In 2011, the population aged 10 years of age and over had, on the average, 7.3 years of schooling.  Women, in general, had a higher level of schooling than men,  7.5 years on the average, whereas the latter had 7.1 years.

 

From 2009 to 2011, the schooling rate (percentage of students of an age group in relation to the total) of children between 6 and 14 years of age increased by 0.6 percentage points, and reached 98.2%.  On the other hand, considering youngsters between 15 and 17 years of age, the percentage fell from 85.2% to 83.7% in the same period.

 

These and other data are available in the National Household Sample Survey complete publication, which can be accessed at: https://www.ibge.gov.br/english/estatistica/populacao/trabalhoerendimento/pnad2011/default.shtm.

 

 

Population

 

 

Resident population of Brazil reached 195.2 million

 

In 2011, the resident population of Brazil was estimated at 195.2 million, with increase of 1.8% (3.5 million) over 2009. Women made up 51.5% (100.5 million) of the population and men, 48.5% (94.7 million).

 

Persons aged between 0 and 29 corresponded to 48.6% of the population aged 60 and over, 12.1%. In 2009, these figures were, respectively, 50.2% and 11.3%, indicating a continued tendency to population aging.   

 

The North Region recorded the biggest concentrations in younger age groups, with 57.6% of the population under 30 years of age. In the group aged 45 to 59 years, the biggest percentages were in the Southeast (18.5%) and in the South (19.4%); the same occurred among those aged 60 and over (13.3% and 13.1%, respectively).

 

Considering the female population, 46.5% were between 0 and 29 years of age, and 30 years of age and over, 53.3%.  Among men, the percentages were 50.5% and 49.5%, respectively.

 

Out of the total population 47.8% (93.3 million) were white, 8.2% (16.0 million), black, 43.1% (84.1 million), brown and 1.0% (1.9 million) Indians or yellow.

 

57.1% of the population lived with a spouse or partner

 

In the population aged 15 and over, 57.1% (85.5 million) lived with a spouse or partner. The South Region had the lowest participation of persons living together (61.9%) and the Northeast, the lowest (55.4%).  Concerning the analysis of marital status, there was a bigger percentage of single (48.1%) than of married (39.9%) persons, what was repeated in all the Regions. Due to an improvement in the form of collecting information on nuptiality introduced in PNAD 2011, it is not possible to make comparisons with 2009.

 

Income

 

 

Income from work grew 8.3% from 2009 to 2011

 

In 2011, the monthly average real income from all the activities performed by persons 10 years of age and over, employed and earning income, increased by 8.3% over that of 2099, having changed from R$ 1,242.00 to R$ 1,345.00. All the Major Regions recorded increase: North (7.7%; R$ 1,100.00), Northeast (10.7%; R$ 910.00), Southeast (7.9%; r$ 1,522.00). South (4.0%; R$ 1,461.00) and Central West (10.6%; R$ 1,624.00). When all sources of income are considered, the monthly average real income of persons increased by 4.6%, and reached the figure of R$ 1,279.00.  

 

Biggest increase (29.9%) was observed among lowest income

 

From 2009 to 2011, the biggest increase in the income from work (29.2%) was 10% among the lowest ranges of income, from R$ 144.00 to R$ 186.00. In a general way, there was reduction of income growth as its value increased.  As a result, the Gini Index for income from work in Brazil fell from 0.518 in 2009 to 0.501 in 2011 (the closer to zero the index is, the less concentrated is the distribution of income) In 2011, the 10% of the employed population earning the highest income from work concentrated 41.5% of the total income from work.

 

Concentration of income from work increases in the North Region

 

The North Region was the only one to record increase of the income concentration index, from 0.488 in 2009, to 0.496, in 2011. In the region, the most significant growth of income occurred for the 5% who earned better income (from R$ 5,840.00 to R$ 6,429.00). The Gini index fell in all the other Major Regions, and the most significant decrease occurred in the South (from 0.482 to 0.461), which recorded the lowest index and where there was decrease for the 10% with the biggest income (from R$ 5,539.00 to R$ 5,533.00). It is also worth mentioning that, in this Region, income for 1.0% of the population who earned more fell from R$ 15,261.00 in 2009 to R$ 15,177.00 in 2011. The Northeast (0.522) and Central West (0.520) presented the biggest concentrations of income in 2011.

 

From 2009 to 2011, income from domestic workers without an employment record card fell by 15.2%

   

In 2011, workers with a signed employment record card had real gain of 4.9% in relation to 2009. Military and civil servants and other workers without a signed employment record card also had increment in the income from the main job (6.2% and 11.6%, respectively).  Considering domestic workers with a signed employment record card, income grew 5.2%, whereas for those without a card, it was 15.2%.  

 

 

Northeast Region had the lowest household income in 2011: R$ 1,607.00

 

The monthly average real income of permanent private households with income was estimated at R$ 2,419.00 in 2011m representing real gain of 3.3% in relation to 2009 (R$ 2,341.00). All the income ranges recorded increase, mainly among low-income groups, what led to the reduction of concentration, represented by the fall of the Gini index from 0.509 to 0.501, in 2011.

 

There was increase of household income in all the Major Regions, and the Central West had the main growth (6.6%), besides being the one with the highest figure (R$ 2,936.00 ). The Northeast had the smallest change (2.0%) over 2009, as well as the lowest value (R$ 1,607.00).  

 

Income of women was equivalent to 70.4% of that of men

 

In 2011, the monthly average real income of employed men was R$ 1,417.00 and that of women, R$ 997.00. Proportionally, women made 70.4% of the real income from work of men.  In 2009, the proportion was 67.1%.  In 2011, whereas 22.1% of the employed men earned up to 1 minimum wage, among women, this percentage was 31.4%. Besides that, there were, proportionally, more employed women (10.0%) than men (5.8%) without income or receiving only benefits.  

 

 

Labor Market

 

 

Increase of the employed population was smaller than that of the population at active age, with a different behavior according to the age group  

 

From 2009 to 2011, there was increase by 1.0 million persons (1.1%) in the employed population aged 15 and over, amounting to 92.5 million workers.  In the Southeast, which concentrated about 43% of the workers, there was increase of 1.6% of the employed population.  This increase was smaller that that of the population at active age, with fall of the occupation status (proportion of persons employed in the population at active age) from 62.9%, in 2009, to 61.7%, in 2011. There was increase of the number of employed persons in all the age groups, starting at 30 years of age.

 

Number of workers with high-school and complete higher education recorded increase  

From 2009 to 2011, in the employed population, there was increase of the percentages of workers with at least complete high school (from 43.7% to 46.8%) and of workers with at least complete high-school (from 11.3% to 12.5%), whereas the percentage of workers with incomplete elementary school fell from 31.8% to 25.5%.

 

Number of employed persons increased in the sectors of services, trade and construction

 

The number of employed persons increased by 5.2% in the sectors of services (41.5 million persons), 1.9% in trade and repair (16.5 million) and 13.6% in construction (7.8 million), from 2009 to 2011, whereas there were decreases of -7.3% in the agricultural sector (14.1 million) and -8.0% in industry (12.4 million).

 

 

Number of jobs with a signed employment record card increased by 11.8% from 2009 to 2011

 

Among the employed, there was increase of the participation of employees (from 59.0% to 61.3%) and of self-employed workers (from 20.7% to 21.2%). On the other hand, threw was reduction from 7.8% to 7.1% of domestic workers, and from 4.4% to 3.4% of employers.  

The number of workers (except domestic ones) was about 56.7 million, among which 80.2% belonged to the private sector, and 19.8%, to the public one.  In the private sector, 33.9 million employees (74.6%) had a signed employment record card, with increase of 11.8% or 3.6 million jobs, over 2009.

 

 

 

 

 

Unemployment rate fell from 8.2% in 2009 to 6.7% in 2011

 

In 2011, approximately 6.6 million persons were unemployed (they were not employed and had taken effective action in order to find a job).  Despite the significant fall of the unemployment rate, in Brazil (from 8.2% in 2009 to 6.7% in 2011) and n all the Major Regions, there still is, for some groups, difficulty in entering the job market. Among the unemployed, 59.0% were women; 35.1% had never worked; 33.9% were youngsters between 18 and 24 years of age; 57.6% were black or brown and 53.6% of them had not finished high school.

 

The increase of the number of employed persons in 2011, together with the reduction of the number of employed persons, caused the significant decline of the unemployment rate, which went from 8.2% in 2009 to 6.7% in 2011. The South Region  (4.3%) recorded the lowest rate in the country; the Northeast, the  highest (7.9%). 

 

 

Child Labor

 

 

Employment level among youngsters aged 5 to 17 fell from 9.8% in 2009 to 8.6% in 2011

 

In 2011, there were, in the country, about 3.7 million workers between 5 and 17 years of age; in two years, this number was reduced by 597 thousand, that is, 14%.  The total of working children was distributed as follows: 89 thousand children between 5 and 9 years of age; 615 thousand between 10 and 13; and 3.0 million between 14 and 17 years of age.  In the three age groups, men were the majority of employed persons.

 

The employment level of persons aged 5 to 17 fell from 9.8% in 2009 to 8.6% in 2011. A similar effect was observed in all the Major Regions, except in the North (from 10.1% to 10.8%).  The North (10.8%) and South (10.6%) had the highest levels in 2011; the Southeast, the lowest (6.6%).  

 

 

In 2011, the monthly real household income per capita of workers aged 5 to 17 was R$ 452.00, whereas that of non-workers was R$ 490.00. On the average, this number of persons used to work 27.4 hours per week. The schooling rate of this group was 80.4%, and in 37.9% of them did not receive compensation.  The employed population aged 5 to 13 was mostly concentrated in the agricultural activity (63.5%).  Approximately 74.4%, in this range, belonged to the group without compensation (unpaid workers and self-consumption workers or workers in construction for their own use).

 

Education

 

Illiteracy rate of persons aged 15 and over fell from 9.7% in 2009 to 8.6% in 2011

 

 

 

The illiteracy rate of persons aged 15 and over in Brazil in 2011 was 8.6% (12.9 million illiterate persons) 1.1 percentage points less than in 2009 (9.7%).  Among the illiterate, 96.1% were in the rage of 25 years of age and over. In this group, more than 60% of the persons were 50 years of age and over (8.2 million).

 

Among the Major Regions, the highest illiteracy rate was recorded in the Northeast, 16.9%, corresponding to 6.9 million illiterate persons, that is, 52% of the total of illiterate ones. Even considering an illiteracy rate of almost twice as the national figure, the Northeast faced the biggest decrease from 2009 to 2011 (1.9 percentage points).  

 

Women  had a higher level of schooling than men, especially those aged between 20 and 24 years of age

 

In 2011, the population aged 10 years and over had, on the average, 7.3 years of schooling. In general, women had more years of schooling than men, with an average of 7.5, versus 7.1 for the latter. In all the age groups considered, except in that of 60 years of age and over, the average number of years of schooling was bigger among women.  The biggest average war recorded by the age group 20 to 24 (9.8 years), being of 10.2 years among women, and 9.3 years, among men.

 

Schooling rate increased among children, but recorded decrease among youngsters aged 15 to 17

 

From 2009 to 2011, the schooling rate (percentage of students of one age group in relation to the total group) of children aged 6 to 14 years of age increased by 0.6 percentage points, and reached 98.2%.

 Considering youngsters between 15 and 17 years of age, the percentage fell from 85.2% to 83.7% in the same period.  

 

 

Public education system held most elementary and high-school students

From the estimated 53.8 million students in 2011, 42.2 million (78.4%) made use of the public education system.  Up to high school, the public system accounted for the education of most students. In higher education (6.6 million persons), private education was a reality for 73.2%. In the Southeast, the private system had 2.2 million higher-education students, what corresponded to 78.7% of the total students at this level.  

 

Housing Units

 

 

Privately-owned real estate represented 74.8% of the housing units; most of them already paid off

 

In 2011, the estimated number of permanent private housing units was 61.3 million, 4.7% more than in 2009. Out of this total, 45.8 million (74.8%) were privately-owned.  The average number of residents per housing unit fell from 3.3 in 2009 to 3.2 in 2011. The number of housing units with only one resident changed from 7.0 to 7.8 in the period.  

 

Personal computers, Internet and cell telephone more often present in housing units

 

From 2009 to 2011, the durable goods which recorded biggest increased were personal computers with Internet access (39.8%), personal computers (29.7¨%) and cell telephones (26.6%). The only good recording decrease was the radio (-0.6%).  

Among the population 10 years of age and over, 69.1% had a cell phone for personal use.  In the Central West, this percentage reached 78.7%.  The biggest percentage of persons with a cell phone was in the age group 25 to 29 (83.1%) and the smallest one in the group 10 to 14 (41.9%).

  

In 2011, 77.7 million persons aged 10 and over informed to have used the Internet in the reference period of three months before the date of the interview, representing increase of 14.7% in relation to 2009. From 2009 to 2011, all the Regions recorded increase of this percentage, with the Central West as the main one (17.2%). Except for those above 40 years of age, all age groups had percentages above 50%, as follows: 74.1% for the age group 15 to 17 and 71.8% for the group 18 or 19 years of age. Only 18.4% of the persons aged 50 and over used the Internet in the period covered by the survey.

 

Sewage disposal grew 71.8% in the North Region

 

The sewage disposal system grew from 59.0% in 2009 to 62.6% in 2011, reaching 3.8 million housing units more.   The highlight was the growth of 63.8% in the North Region (from 547 to 896 thousand units).