Among the 464.7 thousand enterprises that had entered the market in 2007, 353.6 thousand (76.1%) survived in 2008 and 285 thousand (61.3%) survived until 2009. That means that out of 10 enterprises created in 2007, around 2 left the market in the following year and around 4 did not exist after 2 years. That is the result of the Demography of Enterprises 2009, which also points to the fact that 30,935 enterprises registered a high growth in that year. Those enterprises employed 16.6% of the salaried persons, 17.8% of the salaried men and 14.5% of the salaried women. High-growth enterprises are the ones that record an average increase of the salaried employed persons equal to or greater than 20% a year, for a period of 3 years, and that have at least 10 salaried persons in the first year of observation. In those enterprises, 69% of the employed persons were men and 31%, women.

It was also observed, in those companies, that 90% of the salaried persons did not have higher education in 2009 and 9.6% did. That is, 9 out of 10 employed persons had, at most, the high school level.

Data on schooling level and sex are considered for the first time in the Demography of Enterprises. The survey also reveals that, between 2006 and 2009, the salaried persons in those organizations changed from 1.7 million to 4.7 million, an increase of 174.1%, accounting for more than 3 million new employees. They accounted for 59.6% of the 5 million new employees generated by the enterprises in that period.

 

The overall picture shows that there were 4.3 million active enterprises in the country.

The rate of entry in the market was 22.2%. Thus, one out of five companies was new. Conversely, 17.7% of them left the market. The total balance is positive, as 946.7 thousand enterprises were created and 755.2 thousand left the market. Among the economic activities, Trade was a highlight, with 464.6 thousand entries (49.1%) and 394.5 thousand exits (52.2%).

 

The survey allows for the analysis of the demographic dynamics, as it takes into account the indicators of entry, exit, reentry and survival of the enterprises in the market; mobility by the size of the enterprise; statistics about high-growth and gazelle enterprises; and indicators relative to the local units of the enterprises as well. The complete survey is available at https://www.ibge.gov.br/english/estatistica/economia/demografiaempresa/2009/default.shtm .

 

The rate of entry of enterprises in 2009 was higher than in 2008

 

In 2009, the 4.3 million enterprises active in the country employed 34.4 million people, 28.2 million (82.2%) salaried persons and 6.1 million (17.8%) partners or owners. The salaries and other remuneration totaled R$476.7 billion, a monthly average of R$ 1357.99 (2.9 minimum salaries).

 

Compared with the previous year, the number of enterprises and salaried persons rose by 4.7%, a gain of 191.3 thousand enterprises and 1.3 million salaried persons.

In contrast with the previous two-year period (2007-2008), the growth of the number of enterprises was bigger, 4.1% (169.6 thousand), whereas the growth of the number of salaried persons was lower, 6.4% (1.6 million).

 

In 2009, out of the total of 4.3 million enterprises active in Brazil, 77.8% (3.3 million) were survivors, that is, existed in 2008 and remained active in 2009, and 22.2% were entering the market (946.7 thousand).

On the other hand, the enterprises that left the market totaled 17.7% (755.2 thousand). In 2008, the survival rate was 78.2%, and the entry rate, 21.8%, both below the ones in 2009. The exit rate remained unchanged (17.7%).

 

In relation to the salaried persons, in 2009, the enterprises that managed to survive employed 27.4 million persons, accounting for 96.9%.

The enterprises entering the market employed 865.1 thousand persons (3.1%). Conversely, the organizations that left the market were responsible for a reduction of 452.2 thousand salaried jobs (1.6%).

 

The small enterprises prevailed both in the entry and exit rates: 79.9% of those that entered the market in 2009 did nor have employees and 18.4% had 1 to 9. In relation to the exits, 88.5% did not have employees and 10.8% had 1 to 9.

 

Trade registers the highest movements of entry and exit

 

The economic activities that recorded the highest number of entries and exits of enterprises in the market were from Trade, with 464.6 thousand entries (49.1%) and 394.5 thousand exits (52.2%); Manufacturing Industry, with 71.9 thousand and 61.8 thousand (7.6% and 8.2%); and accommodation and food service activities, with 71.0 thousand and 54.1 thousand (7.5% and 7.2%). Among the enterprises that survived in 2009, the same economic activities stood out, as they represented the greatest number of enterprises: 50.9% (1.7 million) were in Trade; 10.4% (346.4 thousand), in Manufacturing Industry; and 6.9% (229.9 thousand), in accommodation and food service activities.

 

The highest entry rates came from public administration, defense and social security (32.7%); construction (29.3%); recreational, cultural and sporting activities (28.7%); and the lowest rates, from manufacturing industry (17.2%); human health and social work (18.0%); and mining and quarrying industry (19.0%). The latter three activities presented the highest survival rates, respectively 82.8%, 82.0% and 81.0%.

 

In 2009, among the 865.1 thousand jobs generated by new enterprises, 299.9 thousand (34.7%) were in Trade, 118.4 thousand (13.7%), in Construction; and 118.1 thousand (13.7%), in the Manufacturing Industry. A year ago, Trade was also a leader as to the generation of jobs in the new enterprises, 285.0 thousand (34.8%). Manufacturing Industry, in turn, was in the second position, 130.6 thousand (16.0%), whereas Construction was in the third position, 101.2 thousand (12.4%) .

 

Among the 452.2 thousand salaried persons from the enterprises that left the market, 130.9 thousand (28.9%) were in trade; 95.4 thousand (21.1%), in the manufacturing industry; and 47.8 thousand (10.6%), in the a

dministrative and support service activities.

 

Among the enterprises created in 2007, 38.7% left the market after 2 years

 

Among the 464.7 thousand enterprises that had entered the market in 2007, 353.6 thousand (76.1%) survived in 2008 and 285 thousand (61.3%) survived until 2009. That means that about 2 out of 10 enterprises created in 2007 left the market in the following year and around 4 did not exist after 2 years.

 

There is a direct relation between the survival rate and the size of the enterprise.

Among the enterprises with no salaried persons created in 2007, 70.6% were survivors in 2008 and 54.8%, in 2009. In those enterprises with 1 to 9 salaried persons, the survival rate was of 91.8% and 79.9%, and, in those with 10 or more employees, 95.7% and 88.1%, respectively. That is to say that, among enterprises with no salaried persons, around 45.0% did not exist in the second year after their entry in the market; among those with 1 to 9 employees, this percentage was of 20.1%; and among those with 10 or more employees, 11.9%.

 

7.9% of the enterprises with 10 or more employees registered high growth in 2009

 

Out of a total of 390,536 enterprises with 10 or more salaried persons in 2009, 30,935 were enterprises to record high growth (7.9%). According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OCDE), high-growth enterprises are the ones that record an average increase of the salaried employed persons equal to or greater than 20% a year, for a period of 3 years, and that have at least 10 salaried persons in the first year of observation.

That rate is 0.4 percentage points below the one registered in 2008 (8.3%), when there were 30.954 high-growth enterprises. Conversely, the gazelle enterprises (high-growth enterprises up to 5 years old in the first year of observation and up to 8 years old in the reference year) totaled 11,815 units in 2009, accounting for 38.2% of the high-growth enterprises, 1.7 percentage points below the rate of 2008 (39.9%).

 

More than a half of the high-growth enterprises were small

 

In 2009, 51.3% of the high-growth enterprises were small (with 10 to 49 employees), 39.0% were medium-sized companies (with 50 to 249) and 9.7% were big (250 or more). Among the gazelles, the contribution of the enterprises was even bigger: 55.0% against 38.4% of the mid-sized and 6.6% of the big enterprises. Despite the predominance of the small enterprises in the group of high-growth enterprises, the big ones were those to record the highest contribution to salaried persons (63.4%), followed by the mid-sized (25.9%) and the small enterprises (10.6%).

 

Trade is the main activity among the high-growth enterprises

 

In 2009, trade registered the greatest contributions considering both high-growth enterprises (27.0%) and gazelle companies (27.8%), followed by Manufacturing Industry, with 25.1% and 26.0%, respectively. Concerning the major contributions to the salaried employed persons in the high-growth enterprises, the highlights were Manufacturing Industry (25.5%), followed by administrative and support service activities (17.2%) and construction (17.0%), which altogether, absorbed 59.7% of the salaried persons.

 

In the gazelle enterprises, the major contributions to the salaried persons came from administrative and support service activities (24.5%), manufacturing industry (20.2%) and trade (18.7%), which accounted for 63.4% of the salaried persons. As for the number of gazelle enterprises, the highest rates were from electricity and gas (52.0%), followed by administrative and support service activities (49.4%) and accommodation and food service activities (47.2%). In terms of salaried persons, the highlights were education (52.5%), accommodation and food service activities (41.6%) and public administration, defense and social security (38.3%).

 

In 2008, the Manufacturing Industry was the leader in all those variables with 27.4% of the number of high-growth enterprises, 27.9% of gazelle enterprises, 25.9% of the salaried employed persons of high-growth enterprises and 24.2% of the salaried persons of gazelle enterprises.

 

High-growth enterprises created 59.6% of the new vacancies between 2006 and 2009

 

Between 2006 and 2009, the salaried persons in high-growth organizations changed from 1.7 million to 4.7 million, an increase of 174.1%, accounting for more than 3 million new jobs. In that period, the salaried persons in all enterprises rose by 21.5%, changing from 23.2 to 28.2 million people, more than 5 million new jobs. The high-growth enterprises accounted for 59.6% of the total 5 million new employees generated by the enterprises. In the gazelle enterprises, 1.2 million persons were employed, 25.8% of the salaried persons in the high-growth enterprises.

 

Considering economic activities, four of them were responsible for 75% of the additional salaried persons between 2006 and 2009. Manufacturing Industry employed 738.0 thousand new salaried persons (24.8%); administrative and support service activities employed 534.6 thousand new persons (17.9%); construction, 523.6 thousand (17.6%) and trade, 439.0 thousand (14.7%). 

The relative contribution of the salaried persons from the high-growth enterprises to the total salaried persons changed from 7.4% in 2006 to 16.6% in 2009, that is, increased 2.24 times in the period.

 

69.0% of the salaried persons in the high-growth enterprises are men and 90.4% do not have higher education

 

The high-growth enterprises employed 16.6% of the salaried persons in enterprises, 17.8% of men and 14.5% of women. In addition, they employed 17.2% of the salaried persons with higher education and 16.5% of the people without it. In those enterprises, 69% of the employed persons were men (64.5% of the total of enterprises) and 31%, women (35.5% of the total). Furthermore, 90.4% of the salaried persons in the high-growth enterprises did not have a higher education and 9.6% did, a ratio similar to that observed for the total of enterprises (90.7% and 9.3%, respectively). The distribution of the salaried persons with a higher education in the high-growth enterprises is an evidence for the relevance of the big enterprises, which concentrated 70.2% of these workers. This concentration is more evident than the one observed in the total of enterprises, in which the big enterprises concentrate 57.7% of these employees.

 

Manufacturing Industry

, the main activity concerning salaried persons in high-growth enterprises, absorbed 26.2% of men and 23.9% of women. In the case of men, the second main activity was construction (22.9%); as to women, administrative and support service activities were in the second place (23.1%).

In the high-growth enterprises, 69% of the salaried persons were men and 31% were women, a difference of 4.5 percentage points in relation to the total of Brazilian enterprises, in which 64.5% of the employees were men and 35.5%, women.

That is attributable to the fact that in the sectors with the major contributions from salaried persons, the number of men was superior than the one of women, as in construction (92.9%), transportation, storage and mail services (80.9%) and manufacturing industry (70.9%). Women prevailed, however, in sectors where employment was not expressive, such as human health and social work (72.5%), education (60.7%) and financial and insurance activities (58.6%). 

From the universe of high-growth enterprises in 2009, 48.2% presented an annual average growth of salaried persons of 20.0% to 29.9% between 2006 and 2009, 22.3% rose 30.0% to 39.9%, while 11.3% rose 40.0% to 49.9% and 18.1% rose 50.0% or over. These 5,596 enterprises, which increased by 50.0% or over as to salaried persons, were responsible for 1.2 million (41.0%) of the new jobs between 2006 and 2009.