In 2016, about 25.8% of the youngsters between 16 and 29 years of age were not working or studying 

Among the 10% of the population with the lowest income, 78.5% were black or brown. Among the 10% with the highest income, blacks and browns made up only 24.8%.

That and more is explained in the Summary of Social Indicators (SIS). With data from the IBGE and from other sources, SIS analyzes the labor market, income distribution and occupational and educational mobility in the country. 

Although Brazil does not have an official poverty line, SIS presents a study based on different approaches to that topic. Considering the line porposed by the World Bank, for example, one fouth of the Brazilian population lives on an income of up to 5.5 dollars a day (R$387/month), including 42.4% of the children and teenagers ged up to 14, in the country. 

Regarding sanitation, the survey shows that in Piauí and in Acre, more than 10% of the population lives in housing units without a bathroon and that 37.9% of the housing units in the country did not have access to the three basic types of sanitation services (garbage collection, treated water and sewage services).

In terms of educational mobility, SIS showed that only 4.6% of the children of uneducated parents managed to get a higher education degree. The analysis of occupational mobility indicates that the percentage of white persons with growing mobility was bigger than that of blacks or browns, whereas the result of women surpassed that of men.

The full 2017 SIS is available here.

Labor market: employment with a formal contract reached the lowet level in the series in 2016

The Continuous PNAD data sow that workers with a formal employment contract made up 50.7% of the employed population in 2012. That percentage fell to the lowest level in the series in 2016,  49.8%. The percentage of workers without a formal contract fell up to 2015 (17.9%), and then rose in 2016 (18.5%), and that of self-employed workers rose between 2012 (22.9%) and 2016 (24.7%).

From 2012 to 2016, the employed population increased by 2.3%, with an increase of 3.3% up to 2014 and decrease of 1.0% in the two final years. Agriculture (-11.1%), Industry (-10.2%), Construction (-0.8%) and Public Administration (-11.7%) recorded decreases. The suggroup of Domestic Services faced decrease in the starting period of the series (-2.6% up to 2014) and increase in the period of the most serious economic crisis (4.2% from 2014 to 2016).

Blacks and browns amounted to 62.6% of the unemployed population in 2016

The employment population ratio of the employed white population fell from 60.2% (2012) to 58.7% (2016), whereas, among blacks and browns, that indicator fell from 58.3% to 55.2%, in the period. In 2016, blcks or browns were the majority of the unemployed population (62.6%), although they made up only 54.0% of the working-age population in Brazil.

Among black or brown workers, 34.7% had no schooling or had an incomplete elementary school, versus 21.2%, in the case of white ones. 

Percentage of workers with a high school degree is bigger 

Among the workers, the percentage of women with a higher education degree or a higher level of schooling (23.8%) surpassed that of men (14.4%). The proportion of employed men without scholing or with unfinished primary school (33.2%) surpassed that of women (21.8%).

Nevertheless, the difference in terms of schooling does not mean a bigger participation of women in the employed population. In 2016, 56.9% of the employed persons were men, in a percentage very similar to that of 2012, the percentage of which was 57.6%.

From 2012 to 2016, the unemployment rate increased in all the levels of schooling, up to 15.7% among those who had finished primary school or unfinished high school level. In 2016, the employment population ratio was bigger among those with a  high school degree (78.2%) and smalller among those with incomplete primary school (43.9%).

The proportion of workers without schooling or with incomplete primary school fell in all the activities. There were more workers with reduced level of scholing in Agriculture Agropecuária (69.6%), Construction (50.5%) and Domestic services (53.6%). Workers with complete high school surpassed the other groups in Education, health and social services (52.7%).

Proportion of black or brown workers without a formal contract (21.8%) surpasses that of white ones (14.7%)

In percentage figures, formal workers represented 61.2% in 2016, whereas informal ones reached 38.8%. The employed population that contributes to social security increased between 2012 (52.4 million persons) up to 2014 (56.2 million), being stable in 2015 (56.5 million) and facing decrease in 206 (55.5 milhões). According to the ILO, formal work includes employees and domestic workers with a formal contract and military or civil servants, besides self- employed workers and all those who contribute to social security. 

By color or race, the white population (68.6%) had a bigger particpation in formal work than blacks or brown persons (54.6%). The proportion of black or brown workers without a formal contract (21.8%) was bigger than that of white ones (14.7%).

Women in formal jobs received 76% of men's earnings

The average usual real monthly earnings of the employed population increased 3.9% from 2012
(R$ 1,945) to 2016 (R$ 2,021), with a peak in 2014 (R$ 2.081). Although it recorded the second biggest increase in real terms (10.9%), Domestic services had the lowest average earnings in all the series (R$ 824 in 2016). Employers (R$ 5,569) had the highest earnings, and workers without a formal contract, the lowest (R$ 1,143).

In 2012, women employed in formal jobs received 73.0% of men's earnings, with an increase to 76.0% in 2016. The average earnings of men employed in informal activities was 50.0% of that of formal one; among women, that proportion was 41.7%. In the white population, the ration between informal and formal earnings was 55.1%, and, among blacks and browns, 48.9%. Black or brown workers earned, on average, 55.3% of the income of whites.

The average usual hourly earnings of workers with a igher education degree was R$ 33.1 in 2016, 4.3 times above the earnings of employed persons without schooling or with incomplete primary school.          

Women without schooling or with incomplete high school earned 20.6% less than men at the same professional level. Considering workers with a higher education degree, that proportion was of 56.6%. Comparing white and black or brown workers with a higher education degree, inequality reaches 45.5%.

Youth population highly affected by the crisis

Employment of the youth population (persons aged 16 to 29) faced its most significant decrease in occupation from 2012 to 2016 (-6.5 p.p.). The employment population ratio of that age group fell from 59.1% (2012) to 52.6% (2016). The employment population ratio of young women was 44.8%, and that of men, 60.5%.

The unemployment rate of youngsters was 18.9% for men, and 24.0%, for women. Considering the unemployed, 54.9% were aged 16 to 29 anos, resulting in a higher unemployment rate in thos group (21.1%).

Amapá (29.2%) accounted for the highest unemployment rate in this age group in 2016. Except for Piauí (182%), Sergipe (19.3%), Maranhão (20.9%) and Minas Gerais (19.3%), the states of the Northeast and Southeast had rates above the national average (21.1%).

The compound rate for workforce undersuse was also the highest in the youth population, with a change from 25.5% (2012) to 32.8% (2016). Unemployment was the main component of the rate, corresponding to 47.0% of it in 2012 and to 58.8% in 2016.

In Maranhão, only 30.1% of the working yougsters have a formal job 

In 2016, among young workers, the percentage of formal jobs changed from 58.7% (2012) to 58.4% (2016). In Santa Catarina, 77.1% of the employed youth had formal jobs, whereas in Maranhão, those persons made up only 30.1% of the working youngsters.

The percentage of youngsters without a formal employment contract was higherthan that of other age groups. Among the employed youngsters, 62.0% contributed to social security. Most of the young contributors were employed with a formal contract (49.5%). The main activities developed by the youth population were trade and repair (33.9%) and industry (28.7%).

There was decrease of the excessive working hours (over 49 hours per week) for the employed youngsters, from 12.4% (2012) to 8.2% (2016). In 2016, 50.7% of this grojup worked from 40 to 44 weekly hours and 29.8% worked up to 39 hours.

There was decrease of 1.5% in the real average earnings of youngsters, to R$ 1,321. The group was the only one to have earnings below the national average (R$ 2,021).

The participation of youngsters in unions was half as that of older professionals. The union particpation rate of formal workers was 5.9% in 2015 among the youth, versus 13.4% for those aged 50 to 59. 

In 2016, one fourth of the youngsters was not stuying or employed 

The percentage of youngsters (aged 16 to 29 anos) who were not studying of employed in Brazil (the so-called “nem nem”) increased between 2014 (22.7%) and 2016 (25.8%). All the Major Regions recorded the same increase. Amapá was the only state where that rate recorded a decrease (from 30.8% to 28.5%).

In 2016, the bigger incidence of youngsters who were not stdying or employed was that of persons with wih incomplete primary school or equivalent (38.4%).

The percentage of youngsters who were not studying or employed in 2016 was bigger among black or brown persons (29.1%) than among white persons (21.2%). Black or brown women formed the most affected group (37.6%).

The difference between the percentage of men and women who were not studying or employed was 13.7 p.p. Women had, then, 1.7 more chances of being in such condition.

The difference between the percentag of men who were not studying or employed and wmen in the same conditiom is bigger in older groups. Among men aged 25 to 29, 16.6% wre not studying or employed, whereas among women in the same age group, the percentage was 34.6%.

More than half of the young men who were not studying or employed were looking for a job

Among young men who were not studying or working, the majority was looking for a job and ready to find occupation (52.3%), whereas, among women, there was a predominance of persons away from the workforce (69.7%).

Also considering youngsters who were not studying or working, the percengtag of men looking for a job and available to work ranged between 41.9% (2012) and 45.9% (2015) and reached 52.3% (2016), whereas, among women, results ranged between 21.7% (2012) and 25.7% (2015), and reached 30.3% (2016).

Whereas 34.6% of the women answered “doing housework and taking care of the children or other relative” when asked about why not having looked for a job, only 1.4% of the men reporte that as a main reason.

Among young women who were not studying or employed, 92.1% reported taking care of household residents or relatives and doing housework. The percentage of men who reported the same was 61.3%.

39.6% of the workers started working before the age of 15 anos

Among workers, 39.6% had started working at the age of 14 or under. That percentage was bigger in the case of persons with incomplete primary school (62.1%) in comparison with those who had complete higher education (19.6%). Among those who earned up to 1/2 a minimum wage, that proportion was 56.9%.

A total 59.0% of the workers aged 60 and over started working up to the age 14, but 17.5% started at the age of nine or under, with a percentage of only 2.9% among youngsters aged 16 to 29.

Whereas 42.3% of the black or brown workers started working at the age of 14 or under, that percentage was 36.8%, for whites. The proportion of men whoi started working before 15 years of age (45%) also surpasses that of women (32.5%).

Standard of living and income distribution: Blacks or browns make up 78.5% of the population with the lowest income

In 2016, per capita average income of the top 1% of households in terms of income (R$ 18,657) was 38.4 times bigger than that of the 50% with the lowest income (R$ 486). Blacks or browns made up 78.5% of the persons with the 10% lowest income and 24.8% of those 10% with the highest income.

The Gini index, which ranges from zero (perfect equality) to one (maximum inequality), was 0.525 in 2016, with highest inequaliy levels registered in the Northeast Region (0.522) and the lowest ones, in the South (0.469).

The Palma index showed that the 10% of the population with the highest income earned 3.4 more than the 40% with the lowest income. Among the Federation Units, extreme figures were observed in the Federal District (4.7) and in Santa Catarina (2.1).

About 60% of the population considered poor according to the poverty line of 5.5 dollars per day lived without at least one of the basic sanitation services 

From the total population, 37.9% did not have simultaneous access to the three basic sanitations ervices in 2016 – a general system for water supply, sewage serices and direct or indirect garbage collection.

The lack of access to sanitation was more often observed among black or brown men and women (respectively 46.9% and 45.0%) than among white ones (respectively 29.2% and 27.2%).

Regarding the population below the poverty line of 5.5 dollars a day, the percentage of those who lived without at least one of the three basic sanitation services was even bigger (59.6%) than for the population overall (37.9%).

In Piauí and in Acre, more than 10% of the population lived in housing units without a bathroom in 2016

A total 1.7% of the population (3.4 million persons) lived in housing units without a bathroom or toilet for exclusive use and 1.2%, in housing units with outside walls built of non-durable material. Piauí and Acre had, respectively, 12.3% and 10.2% of their populations living in houssing units without a bathroom or toilet for exclusive use. 

Considering the population with an income of up to 5.5 dollars a day, 26.2% tinham pelo menos uma deficiência nas condições de moradia, em contraste a 12,0% da população total. As quatro inadequações consideradas foram a ausência de banheiro ou sanitário de uso exclusivo dos moradores, construção de paredes externas do domicílio predominantemente com material não durável, presença de um número de moradores superior ao adequado e ônus excessivo com aluguel.

The excessive density (when there are more than three residents per room used as a bedroom) was the most common type of inadequacy (reaching 5.7% of the population or 11.7 million persons). The same condition was shared by 14.2% of the persons living in arrangements formed by black or brown women without a partner and with children aged up to 14, whereas it was truem for only 1% of the residents in household arrangements with no children. 

Only 15% of the population below the poverty line of 5.5 dollars a day had a PC with Internet access

Internet access from a personal computer was registered in 42.2% of the total housing units and in 15.3% of those below the poverty line of 5.5 dollars a day, whereas the percentage of access via tablet, cell phone, television or any other electronic equipment were 65.3% and 46.0%, respectively. It is worth highlighting that Internet access from a coputer is potentially better than from a mobile device. 

The washing machine was present in 63.7% of the housing units, but in only 34.7% of those below the set poverty line. 

The excessive expenditure on rents (when the rent is equivalent to or surpasses 30.0% of the monthly houhehold income) reached 4.6% of the population overall (9.5 million persons). That condition reached 7.9% of those with per capita household income below the poverty line of 5.5 dollars a day. That excessive expenditure was mostly observed in the Federal District (8.5%) and in São Paulo (6.7%), Federation Units where household income and the cost of living are high. Low-income persons were mostly affected in capitals than in the states overall. 

Among all groups, residents of household household arrangements formed by black women without a partner wand with young children are the majority in terms of restricted rights   

The analysis of multidimensional poverty complememts the analyses on a monetary basis and allows us to evaluate the restriction to rights regarding at least one of the dimenssions analyzed: education, social protection, adequate housing, sanitation services and Internet access. 

A total 64.9% of the population had at least tinham one type of righ restricted, mainly in the case o residents of arragements formed by black or brown women without a partner with children up to 14 years of age (81.3%) and in the population aged 60 and over (80.0%).

The most influential dimensions in terms of "adjusted incidence" of the multidimensional poverty vary according to the population groups. The elderly population is mostly affected by the restriction of access to education and the Internet, whereas residents of arrangements formed by women without a partner with children up to 14 had more restrictions regarding social protection (in need of access to formal work and social programs).

Mobility: Percentage of ascending mobility among whites is bigger than among black or brown professionals, and bigger among women

According to the Socio-Occupational Supplement of PNAD 2014, 67.0% of the children aged 25 to 65 belong to economic strata other than their parents', with 50.0% characterized by ascending mobility, and 16,9%, by descending mobility. The Strate of origin A (Directors in general and science and arts professionals) recorded the highest percentage of occupational mobility (54.2%). The persons whose father comes from that stratum has 13.7 times more chances of remaining there than persons in strata D, E and F have of moving to higher ones. 

Women (74.7%) experienced more mobility than men (61.0%). That is an expected result, since the mobility of women takes place in terms of the mostly agricultural activities of their parents, while men, on the other hand, tend to remain in those same agricultural activities. One third of the total women have migrated to stratum E, especially in the occupations “domestic workers in general” and “salespeople or demonstrators in a shop or market”. One third of the men have migrated to stratum D, which, had, as its most common occupations, “worker for buiding structures” and “driver of wheeled vehicles”.

Only 4.6% of the offspring of uneducated parents finished high school 

The supplement on Social-Occupational Mopbility of 2014 PNAD also showed that the percentage of children who were at a different educational level from their parents was 73.9%, being 68.9% charcaterized by ascending and 5.0%, by decending mobility. The higher the level of schooling of parents the bigger the percentage of children with higher education, which evidences the inequalities of education opportunities. Only 4.6% of the children whose parents had no schooling succeeded in finishing university, whereas 69.6% of the children finished that level of schooling, in cases of both parents having a higher education degree. 

The percentage of white children whose father had finished high school or had incomplete higher education was 49.5%; the percentage for the black or brown children was 28.4%, that is, almost twice as high. The big advantage of white persons in being on top of the Brazilain education structure is reflected on the profile of persons with a higher education degree, since 71.0% of them were white, and only 29.0%, black or brown.