The average schooling level of the population aged 25 years and over increased between 2004 and 2013, changing from 6.4 to 7.7 years. This increase was more intense among those 20% with the lowest earnings, who increased the number of years at school from 3.7 to 5.4. Between 2004 and 2013, the proportion of persons aged between 25 and 34 years with higher education almost doubled, changing from 8.1% to 15.2%. However, the percentage was still low compared with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. In the same period, the students with the 20% highest earnings (5th fifth) were no longer the majority both in the public (38.8%) and private (43.0%) universities, thus causing the increase in the access to this level of education by other earnings strata, including the poorer. In 2004, only 1.4% of students of higher education belonging to the 20% lowest earnings (1st fifth) attended public universities. In 2013, this proportion reached 7.2%. On the other hand, the students in the regular primary school aged between 13 and 16 years belonging to the poorest fifth registered an age-grade distortion 3.3 times higher than those 20% richest (5th fifth), causing the school lag to affect more than half of these students (54.0%) in 2013. In 2004, the distance between the rates for the first and 5th fifth was even bigger (4.3 times).

All this was unveiled in the Summary of Social Indicators (SIS) 2014, which also showed the persisting gender inequality in the labor market, particularly when the work shift was coupled with the housework and despite the advances in this area. Among employed women aged 16 years and over, 88% did housework, whereas the percentage among men was 46%. The average housework shift among women was more than twice that recorded for men (20.6 hours/week). Taking into account both the work shift and the housework shift, the weekly shift for women added up to 56.4 hours, almost 5 hours more than men´s.

SIS also detected changes in the family arrangements between 2004 and 2013, a period in which the proportion of couples with kids reduced and of those without kids increased, as well as the number of sole arrangements increased. The study also showed that the rental fee exceeded 30% of the household earnings in 25.7% of the rented urban housing units (or 5.2% of the total number of urban housing units) in Brazil in 2013.

SIS 2014 was mainly based on the information from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) 2013 and also on data sources like the 2010 Population Census and the Population Projection of Brazil by sex and age 2013, as well as on databases from the National Institute of Educational Studies and Research Anísio Teixeira (INEP), from the Ministry of Education and on the Information System on Mortality (SIM) from the Ministry of Health. The complete study is available on link https://www.ibge.gov.br/english/estatistica/populacao/condicaodevida/indicadoresminimos/sinteseindicsociais2014/default.shtm.

Population aspects: 28.4% of teenagers aged between 15 and 17 years with at least one child attend school in 2013

In 2013, 38.4% of women aged between 15 and 49 years had no children. Still in the same age group, while 41.5% of white women were not mothers, this percentage was 35.8% for those black and brown. The highest difference between white (48.1%) and black and brown women (33.8%) who were not mothers was found among those aged between 25 and 29 years. The proportion of women aged between 45 and 49 years without children was 8.2% for those with lower schooling level and 15.1% for those with higher schooling level. Among women aged between 15 and 17 years without children, 88.4% were studying; among those who were mothers, only 28.4% studied.

In 2013, the proportion of youngsters aged between 15 and 29 years who only studied was 22.7%. The percentage of those who worked and studied was 13.0%, and of those who only worked, 44.0%. In 2013, nearly one out of five youngsters in this age bracket neither attended school nor worked. This proportion was 10.2% in the group aged between 15 and 17 years, reaching 24.0% for those aged between 18 and 24 years and 21.8% for those aged between 25 and 29 years. Among those who neither worked nor studied, 45.8% of them lived in the Northeast and in the North. Furthermore, 62.9% of them were black and brown, hitting a higher participation than the participation of this group in the total number of youngsters (56.1%).

As to women who only studied, 7.1% of them had at least one child. This proportion was 14.4% for those who worked and studied. This indicator rose to 44.0% among those women who only worked, whereas 57.1% of those who neither worked nor studied had at least one child alive.

A large extent (44.8%) of youngsters who neither worked nor studied lived in housing units in which the household monthly earnings per person did not exceed half minimum wage.

Among youngsters who neither worked nor studied, 26.3% looked for a job in the reference week of PNAD (from 09/22/2012 to 09/28/2013), being 36.6% men and 21.6% women.

Families: One out of five families are couples without children

Among the main household arrangements found in PNAD between 2004 and 2013, the proportion of couples with children dropped 13.7% (from 50.9% to 43.9%), whereas the proportion of couples without children increased 33.0% (from 14.6% to 19.4%). These changes were also noticed through the increase of 35.0% in the proportion of sole arrangements (from 10.0% in 2004 to 13.5% in 2013). In 2013, 61.7% of the sole arrangements comprised of persons aged 50 years and over. They were 57.4% in 2004.

In 2013, the participation of DINC couples (double income and no children) in the total number of couples without children was 19.9%. The Southeast registered the highest proportion (23.2%) and the North, the lowest (12.0%).

Kangaroo Generation: one out of four youngsters between 25 and 34 years lives with parents

The extended family conviviality among parents and children originated the term "kangaroo generation", i.e., persons aged between 25 and 34 years who still lived in the parents´ house. Between 2004 and 2013, the proportion of persons in this condition rose from 21.2% to 24.6%. In the Southeast, this indicator hit 26.8%. The employment rates of these persons were high (90.7%), though slightly lower than the average within this age group (93.1%). On the other hand, the kangaroo generation recorded a high average schooling level (10.9 years of study, on average), suggesting that the option of living in the parents´ house might be linked with a higher dedication to the studies. The higher the per capita household earnings, the higher the presence of youngsters aged between 25 and 34 years living with their parents. In the metropolitan area of Fortaleza, 21.9% of the household arrangements with per capita household income of more than 2 minimum wages had broods aged between 25 and 34 years. Conversely, this proportion was only 9.4% in the range of half minimum wage.

Education: While 84.3% of youngsters between 15 and 17 years attend school, slightly more than half of them are in the secondary school

The high gross school attendance by youngsters aged between 15 and 17 years (84.3%) did not mean that they were in the level appropriate to their age. The proportion of those who attended secondary schools increased from 44.2% in 2004 to 55.2% in 2013, rising the net school attendance rate. As a result, the proportion of these youngsters in primary schools reduced from 34.7% in 2004 to 26.7% in 2013. Within this age bracket, white youngsters posted a net school attendance rate 14.4 percentage points above that of black and brown youngsters (49.3%). Women registered net school attendance 9.9 percentage points above that of men (50.3%).

The age-grade distortion hit almost half of the students aged between 13 and 16 years in 2004 (47.1%) and 41.4% in 2013, adding up to about 3.7 million students. In 2013, the North (55.2%) and Northeast (52.2%) Regions recorded the highest rates. The proportion of students lagging behind in the primary school was higher among those from the public network, men, residents in rural areas and black or brown. Those 20% poorer in the distribution of the national per capita household monthly earnings (1st fifth) posted an age-grade distortion 3.3 times higher than the rate of students belonging to the 20% richer (5th fifth), causing the school lag to affect more than half of those students (54.0%). In 2004, the distance between the rates for the first and 5th fifth was even bigger (4.3 times).

Students with higher earnings no longer the majority in universities

Concerning the higher education, the participation of students belonging to the 20% richer (5th fifth) decreased in both public and private networks between 2004 and 2013. In 2004, they represented 55.0% of the students in the public network and 68.9% in the private network. In 2013, these values dropped to 38.8% and 43.0%, respectively. As a result, the students of the fifth with higher earnings were no longer the majority both in the public and private universities, thus causing the increase in the access to this level of education by other earnings strata, including the poorer.

In 2013, 55.0% of the students aged between 18 and 24 years were attending the university, whereas 32.9% of these students were in the appropriate grade for their age bracket in 2004. The adequacy of age in relation to the grade attended was still unequal depending on the color or race of the student. While 69.4% of the total number of white students aged between 18 and 24 years attended the university, only 40.7% of the black and brown students attended the same grade. This proportion remained lower than the level reached by white youngsters in 2004 (47.2%).

In 2013, 31.0% of youngsters aged between 18 and 24 years did not complete the secondary school and were not studying, representing a drop of 7.6 percentage points in the last nine years. The average early dropout rate among youngsters of this same age bracket in the 28 member countries of the European Union was 12.0% in 2013. In 2013, early dropout hit about half the youngsters aged between 18 and 24 years belonging to the poorest fifth (50.9%), whereas this proportion was only 9.8% in the richest fifth.

Compared with the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, Brazil registered the lowest proportion of persons with higher education in the bracket between 25 and 34 years. Nevertheless, this proportion virtually doubled in the last nine years, changing from 8.1% in 2004 to 15.2% in 2013.

The average schooling level of the population aged 25 years and over increased between 2004 and 2013, changing from 6.4 to 7.7 full years of study. Only 41.8% of persons within this age bracket reached 11 years or more of study. The increase in the schooling level was more intense in the lower earnings fifth, which increased 45.9%, whereas the higher fifth rose the average years of study by 9.2% between 2004 and 2013.

Labor: Formalization rate is the highest since 2004

In 2013, the labor market recorded the highest formalization rate (58.0%). Nine years ago, the rate not even hit half of the employed population (45.7%). In 2013, the North and Northeast posted percentages of formalization below the national average in the last decade (40.2% and 39.7%, respectively). On the other hand, the South and Southeast Regions registered the highest percentages of persons in formal jobs (67.4% and 67.8%, respectively).

In 2004, the number of formal workers added up to 37.4 million. This number increased 47.8% in nine years. The population employed in informal jobs reduced 10.1%, changing from 44.5 million to 40 million persons (42.0%). Among the persons in informal jobs, 62% had up to eight years of study, more than 70% were employed without a formal contract or were self-employed and 27% were in agriculture.

Women, black and brown persons, youngsters and senior citizens are significant groups in informal labor

The profile of persons in informal jobs pointed to a slightly higher proportion of women in this condition (42.7%). However, the distance between rates per sex reduced over the last years. In 2004, the percentages of men and women in informal jobs were 52.6% and 56.7%, respectively. In 2013, such difference was about one percentage point (41.5% and 42.7%, respectively). Also in 2013, about 45% of employed youngsters aged between 16 and 24 years worked in informal jobs. Among senior citizens in the labor market, such percentage was even higher (69%). Nearly half the employed black and brown persons aged 16 years and over worked in informal jobs (48.7%). This percentage was 34.7% for the employed white population.

In 2013, the average earnings of the population employed in informal jobs corresponded to 57% of the earnings of the population employed in formal jobs. This relation hit 36% in Piauí, registering the biggest inequality among all the states. The inequality dropped in the last nine years, since the variation of the average earnings of informal workers was 51.8%, higher than that of formal workers (26.7%). The biggest advance of the average earnings of the population employed in formal jobs was recorded in the Northeast Region (34.6%). The highest variation in Brazil was in Rio Grande do Norte (54.4%). Concerning the population employed in informal jobs, the highest variation of the average earnings was posted in the Central-West Region (62.8%).

Less than one fourth of workers without formal contract contributes to social security

Workers without a formal contract, domestic workers without a formal contract and self-employed workers accounted for nearly 40% of the workforce and just a small portion of this group solely contributed to social security. Among these workers without a formal contract, 22.3% contributed to social security. In the case of domestic workers without a formal contract and self-employed workers, the percentages were 11.9% and 25.6%, respectively.

Workers without a formal contract and self-employed workers together added up to 33.6 million persons and resembled each other, as they registered a small formalization and one of the lowest average earnings, only above those from domestic workers. 44% of workers without a formal contract worked in the services sector, a percentage that hit 67.6% among women. Concerning the schooling level, nearly 60% of men completed the primary school and about 73% of women had more than 8 years of study. Self-employed workers was a category in which the gender of workers influenced the profile of this segment, since the work was inherently linked to each person´s education. As such, 51% of self-employed male workers worked in the agriculture and construction sectors; on the other hand, 69.2% of self-employed female workers concentrated in the trade and services sector.

The inequality of earnings among women and men in the self-employed category was higher than that of workers without a formal contract. Women working in this category earned 69%, on average, of the earnings of men. The average earnings of women with up to four years of study amounted to 53% those of men. This relation was 61% among the most educated.

Among workers without a formal contract, the average earnings of women was close to men´s (90%). Yet the inequality deepened with the schooling level. The average earnings of workers without a formal contract with more than eight years of study was twice those with up to four years. The average earnings of women with more than eight years of study in this category corresponded to 71% those of men with the same attributes. This relation was 79% among the less educated.

In the last nine years, domestic workers without a formal contract (60.9%) and employees without a formal contract (57.3%) were the categories with the highest gains in terms of compensation. The hourly earnings of the employed population aged 16 years and over increased with the schooling level. In 2013, the hour worked by the employed population with up to 4 years of study was, on average, R$ 7.10, whereas the hour worked by those with 12 years or more of study was R$ 28.24 (4 times more).

Gender inequality decreases, yet still relevant in labor market

Among employed women aged 16 years and over, 88% did housework, whereas the percentage among men was 46%. The average housework shift among women was more than twice that recorded for men (20.6 hours/week). Taking into account both the work shift and the housework shift, the weekly shift for women added up to 56.4 hours, almost 5 hours more than men´s.

On average, women earned less than men in all forms of labor. Nevertheless, the relation of earnings inequalities between men and women was higher in informal jobs, in which women earned 65% of the average earnings of men in 2013. This relation was 75% in formal jobs. Such inequality was higher in 2004. Its reduction was possible due to the higher increase of women´s earnings in informal jobs (56.8%).

The higher the schooling level, the higher the earnings inequality per sex. Among those with up to four years of study, the hourly earnings of women amounted to 81% those of men at the same schooling level. This relation was 66% with 12 or more years of study.

Housing units: Excessive responsibility with rent compromises income of 5.2% of housing units

While the Brazilian population increased 9.8% between 2004 and 2013, the total number of private housing units in Brazil increased 25.1% in the same period.

In 2013, 16.4% of urban housing units earned up to half minimum wage per person. This percentage reached 21.7% in the class of earnings above two minimum wages.

Among urban housing units, the proportion of own housing units remained stable (from 73.5% to 73.6%), the proportion of rented housing units increased (from 17.8% to 20.3%) and the proportion of yielded housing units tended to reduce (from 8.6% to 6.0%) between 2004 and 2013.

In Brazil, the rental fee exceeded 30% of the household earnings in 25.7% of the rented urban housing units (or 5.2% of the total number of urban housing units), configuring an excessive responsibility. The percentage of rented housing units with excessive responsibility in relation to the total number of rented urban housing units was higher in the Southeast (27.7%) and North (25.8%) Regions.

Only 21.2% of urban housing units with appropriate sewage in North Region

Urban housing units with appropriate sewage were those with simultaneous access to water supplied by a public network, to a sewage system provided by a collecting network (either directly or through skeptic tanks connected to the network) and to waste collection (either directly or indirectly). They represented 70.6% of the permanent private urban housing units in 2013. In the North and Northeast Regions, the percentages of urban housing units with simultaneous access to sewage services were 21.2% and 51.1%, respectively. In the Southeast, this same indicator reached 91.1% of the urban housing units, whereas the South and Central-West Regions registered 67.0% and 51.8%, respectively.

In 2013, 43.4% of the urban housing units were provided with simultaneous access to computers, color TVs and washing machines. When DVD was included, the proportion changed to 38.1%. When also including the access to the Internet, the percentage of housing units dropped to 34.5%.

Income distribution: income concentration and inequality decrease, yet high

In 2013, persons earning the 10% lowest earnings concentrated 1.2% of the overall income, while the portion with the highest earnings concentrated 41.7% of it. In the 2004-2008-2013 comparison, the 1st up to the 8th tenth gained participation, highlighted by an increase of 31.6% in the 2nd tenth. The participation in the overall income of the tenth with the highest per capita household earnings dropped 9.8%.  By having the richest tenth concentrating more than 40% of the overall per capita income in this period, these movements were not enough to substantially change the inequalities in the distribution of earnings.

Governmental transfers represented 37.5% of the earnings of families with up to 1/4 per capita minimum wages.

For the total number of families in 2013, the "other sources" of earnings (transfers through social programs, financial investments, rental income, bonuses, etc.) represented 4.5% of earnings. They represented 37.5% for families earning up to 1/4 minimum wages and 12.5% for families earning between 1/4 and 1/2 minimum wages. As a result, other sources of earnings significantly increased in families with the lowest earnings along nine years, changing from 20.3% in 2004 to 37.5% in 2013. In the Northeast, this proportion reached 43.8%.

The increase of other sources changed the composition per source, but not in place of earnings from work, which also increased in this period. The average real monthly earnings from all jobs of persons aged 15 years and over, employed in the reference week, with earnings from work, increased 42.1% between 2004 and 2013. The first tenth of the distribution increased 84.8% and the second tenth, 94.9%.