The 2010 Census showed that, in ten years, the schooling level of women was higher than men’s and that they have widen their space in the labor market.

The level of employment (percentage of employed persons in the week of reference in the total of the analyzed group) of women aged 10 or over moved from 35.4% to 43.9% between 2000 and 2010, whereas men’s moved from 61.1% to 63.3%. In the age group of 25 years of age or over, the percentage of men with at least complete higher education was of 9.9%, and women’s, of 12.5%; the percentages moved to 11.5% and 19.2%, respectively, among the employed.   And the rate of early school leaving (proportion of young persons between 18 and 24 years of age that had not finished high school and were not studying), that fell from 48.0% to 36.5% between 2000 and 2010, was higher among men (41.1%) than women (31.9%). Broadly speaking, the 2010 Census found out that schooling rates and schooling levels were directly proportional to the monthly household income per capita.

Besides education and labor, the latest results of the questionnaire of the Census Samples also bring more detailed information on income and commuting to work or to school.

Data reveals that, in ten years, there was a deconcentration in all kinds of income: from all sources, household and work. The latter posted the greatest gains for those who got the lowest wages. The average monthly income from all jobs of the 10% of the population with the greatest earnings fell 5.3% from 2000 to 2010, whereas for the 10% with the lowest earnings the real growth reached 35.9% and, in the two following segments, it was 56.6% (more than 10% to 20%) and 58.4% (more than 30% to 20%).  

Between 2000 and 2010, the real average income of employers fell 18.6% (from R$ 6,138 to R$ 4,994) while that of the employees grew 15.8% (from R$ 1,018 to R$ 1,179). On the other hand, the distribution of persons aged 10 or over by income ranges shows that, in 2010, the population between 10 and 17 years of age was concentrated in the fist ranges of income from work, with a highlight to those without income, whereas one in each three persons aged 18 or over would receive from 1 to 2 minimum wages (33.5%).  The real average monthly household income rose 15.2%, moving from  R$ 2,303, in 2000 to R$ 2,653, in 2010..

Concerning the study of the usual time spent commuting to the main job, it revealed that 65.3% of the 61.6 million employed persons who worked out of the household and returned daily would spend up to 30 minutes and 11.4%, more than 60 minutes. In the state of Rio de Janeiro, the time spent to commute from home to work and vice-verse surpassed two hours for 4.4% of the persons, whereas, in Santa Catarina, just 0.3% faced that situation. In 2010, 14,357,834 persons worked and/or studied in another municipality, foreign country or in more than one municipality or country, over around a little more than half in 2000 (7 327 041), an increase of 93.9%.

The complete publications of the 2010 Population Census: Education and commuting and 2010 Population Censuses: Labor and income are available at

www.ibge.gov.br/english/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/default_resultados_amostra.shtm.

 

EDUCATION: Schooling level of women aged 18 to 24 outweighed men’s

In the age groups of 18 or 19 and of 20 to 24 years of age, schooling was lower than in the brackets of the youngest and women’s education surpassed men’s. In the female share, the percentage of women not attending to school was of 54.6% for the age group between 18 and 19 years of age, and of 73.2% in the group from 20 to 24 years of age; whereas in the male group, such indicators were 55.4% and 76.5%, respectively. In the urban area, the percentage of persons not attending to school was 54.2% for the age group between 18 and 19 years of age, and of 73.6% in the group from 20 to 24 years of age; whereas in the rural area, such indicators were 59.0% and 82.3%, respectively.

Schooling rates rose as the household income per capita increased

The results show a growth in the schooling rates as the monthly household income per capita rises. Focusing on children and teenagers of 6 to 17 years of age, it was seen that in the age group of 6 to 14 years of age, the percentage of those not attending school was of 5.2% in the lowest ranges of monthly household income per capita (no income up to ¼ of the minimum wages) and decreased to 1.6% in the ranges of more than three minimum wages. In the age bracket 15 to 17 years of age, these percentages were, respectively, 21.1% and 6.4%.

Persons who attended higher education courses (graduation, specialization, Master’s courses and Doctorate) were more concentrated in the ranges of the highest household incomes per capita. In the contingent of graduation students (higher education), 12.7% were in the ranges monthly household income per capita of more than 5 minimum wages and this percentage rose to 26.9% for specialization students, 36.7%, for students at a Master’s course and 47.1%, for those in PhD programs.

10.8% of higher education students had already finished another course of the same level

The 2010 Census found out that 10.8% of higher education students had already finished another course of the same level. This indicator of the male contingent (10.5%) was rather close to that of women's (11.0%), however, in the public system of education (13.2%) the numbers are quite distant to those of the private system (9.8%). The older the student gets the greater the percentage of those in higher education that had already finished another graduation. For the students aged 24, this percentage was of 3.9% and reached 30.1% for those of 40 years of age or over. In the group of undergraduate students that were employed, the share of the ones who had already finished another course of the same level was of 12.6%, heavily outnumbering the rate of the unemployed (7.2%). 

Employed young persons had lower schooling than the unemployed ones

Among the younger ones, the schooling rates of the employed persons were sharply lower than those of the unemployed, but, from 25 years of age on, the differences narrowed down. The percentage of persons not attending school in the age group from 10 to 14 years of age was of 10.5% for the employed and of 3.1% for the unemployed; in the group from 15 to 17 it was of 26.0% for the employed and 14.0% for the unemployed.  In the age group from 20 to 24 years of age, the relative difference between the indicator of the employed (77.6%) and the unemployed (70.4%) represented a considerable retraction. In the group from 25 to 29 years of age, the indicators were of 86.0% for the employed and 84.8% for the unemployed.

49.3% of the population aged 25 years of age or over did not finish elementary/middle school

Considering people aged 25 years of age or over, there were 49.3% without schooling or with unfinished the elementary/middle school, whereas 11.3% had at least a graduation in higher education. The latter stood at 7.6% in the North region, 7.1% in the Northeast, 12.1% in the South, 13.2% in the Central-West and 13.7% in the Southeast. The percentage relative to the share without schooling or with unfinished elementary/middle school was higher in the Northeast (59.0%) and in the North (53.6%).

The 2000/2010 data were harmonized in order to be compared.  Considering persons aged 25 or over, the percentage of persons without schooling or with unfinished elementary/middle school fell from 64.0% to 49.3% in the total, of 58.8% to 44.2%, in the urban area, and from 90.3% to 79.6%, in the rural area. Among men, the drop was from 64.8% to 50.8%, and among women, from 63.4% to 47.8%.

Women’s schooling level is still higher than men’s

Women’s schooling level was higher than men’s. In the male population aged 25 or over, the percentage of men without schooling or with unfinished elementary/middle school was of 50.8% and the rate of those at least graduated from university, 9.9%; whereas in the female group, such indicators were 47.8% and 12.5%, respectively. The contingent of women with at least complete higher education was lower than men's just in the ranges of persons aged 60 or over.

Schooling rates rose as the household income per capita increased

In the group of people aged 25 or over without schooling or with unfinished elementary/middle school, the share of persons with a monthly household income per capita of more than five minimum wages was of 1.1%.  As the schooling level rose, this indicator increased and reached 33.9% for the persons with at least a complete graduation in a higher education course.  Additionally, 71.6% of the persons aged 25 or over without schooling or with unfinished elementary/middle school were in the range of those without income up to one minimum wages of monthly household income per capita, whereas 10.7% of those with at least a complete graduation in higher education were in that range.

The schooling level of persons living in rural areas was significantly lower than those of the urban area. In the urban areas, 44.2% of the population aged 25 or over did not have schooling or had unfinished elementary/middle school, whereas in the rural areas that indicator rose to 79.6%. Among the population with complete higher education, the percentage was of 12.9% for the indicator of the urban area and 1.8% for the rural area.

The majority with higher education pursue social sciences, business and law graduation courses

The survey investigated the kind of career chosen by those who finished a higher education course, a Masters course or a PhD program. The results point out that the greater concentration of persons was in the areas of social sciences, business and law school as a whole (37.8%) and among each one of the levels separately:  graduation (38.4%), Masters course (31.3%) and PhD (25.0%). Education was the second largest concentration for the total (19.5%) and for graduation (20.2%). Health and social welfare was the second biggest general area of concentration for those whose higher level was a Masters course (14.0%) or a PhD (20.6%).

 

Inequalities in education by color or race narrowed down, but still exist

The percentages of persons aged 10 or over without schooling or with unfinished elementary/middle school decreased for the white, black and brown, but inequalities still occur.  From 2000 up to 2010, the proportion fell from 56.6% to 42.8% among the white, from 74.4% to 56.8% among the black and from 73.2% to 57.3% for the brown.

In relation to the proportion of persons that attended school according to age brackets, the greatest differences in terms of color or race were seen in the group aged 20 to 24 years old. The percentages were of 25.5% of whites, 20.3% of blacks and 21.6% of browns. In the group aged 15 to 17, the values were even greater, 85.4% for the white, 81.1% for the black and 81.9% for the brown.

There was a notable increase in the proportion of persons attending higher education between 2000 and 2010 for blacks (from 2.3% to 8.4%) and browns (from 2.2% to 6.7%). For the white persons, the rise was of 8.1% to 14.5%. Almost 13% of the whites aged 10 or over finished higher education, whereas just 4% of the population of blacks and browns in the same age group had achieved that schooling level. 73% of the persons aged 10 or over with complete higher education were white and less than 25% was constituted by blacks and browns.

Early school leaving is higher among male population

The rate of early school leaving rate is the proportion of youngsters aged between 18 and 24 that did not finish high school and were not studying.  There was a drop of 11.5 percentage points in the rate from 2000 to 2010, moving from 48.0% to 36.5%.  This rate was higher among men (41.1%) than among women (32.0%). A significant share of youngsters aged 18 to 24 with unfinished high school abandoned school after reaching that level (21.2%).  An even greater proportion of them left school without having finished the elementary/middle school (52.9%).

The twenty lowest rates (between 6.5% and 17.2%) of early school leavers was found in municipalities of the South region and of São Paulo; the lowest of all coming from Santana da Ponte Pensa, a municipality in São Paulo.  Of the twenty highest rates (the most unwanted results) were spread along the territory and oscillated between 68.5% and 80.1%; the latter seen in Doutor Ulysses (PR).

 

LABOR: Women’s level of employment grew more than men’s

In the population aged 10 or over, the level of employment (percentage of employed persons in the week of reference) of men was higher than women’s in all age groups. However, women’s level of employment had a sharper increase than men’s from 2000 to 2010, moving from 35.4% to 43.9%, while men’s moved from 61.1% to 63.3%.

 

Percentage of employed women with higher education was bigger than that of men

In 2010, persons without schooling or with incomplete elementary/middle school represented 49.3% of the population and those with at least complete higher education, 11.3%, whereas, among employed persons, these two indicators were 40.8% and 14.7%, respectively.  The percentage of men with at least complete higher education (graduation) was 9.9%, and of women, 12.5%; among the employed persons, these indicators were 11.5% and 19.2%, respectively.   The total of persons without schooling or with incomplete elementary/middle school stood at 44.2%, in urban area, and at 79.6%, in rural area; concerning employed persons, 35.2% were in urban area, and 76.1%, in rural area.

 

Employed women with higher education represent more than twice as those without schooling or with unfinished elementary/middle school

The level of employment of persons aged 25 or over grew in accordance with the schooling level, from 51.8% for those without schooling or with incomplete elementary/middle school, up to 81.7% for those with, at least, complete higher education. The highlight was the level of employment among women at least graduated from university, 78.2%, more than twice as much as the rate of women without schooling or unfinished elementary/middle school (36.9%).

The level of employment of children and teenagers not attending school was of 17.5% in the age group of 10 to 13 years of age, 23.2% in the group of 14 or 15 years of age, and 37.5% in the group of 16 or 17 years of age, while among the students, the rates were, respectively, of 4.8%, 11.7% and 23.8%. The share not attending school represented 7.9% in the age group of the employed persons aged 10 to 13 and 2.4% in the group of the unemployed. These two indicators were, respectively, 11.7% and 6.9%, in the age group of 14 or 15 years of age, and 25.5% and 19.2%, in the group of 16 or 17 years of age.

 

High school and unfinished higher education prevailed in five major groups of employment

The major group of Intellectual and science professionals stood out for having the highest schooling:  65.0% of its components had, at least, complete higher education (graduation). The second biggest percentage of the highest schooling was in the group Directors and managers (34.6%), although this group had a greater share of persons with high school or unfinished higher education (38.3%).  In other four major groups, the biggest concentration was in the complete high school and unfinished higher education; in three of them the rate was more than half: Military members, policemen and firefighters (60.4%), Administrative support workers (58.7%), Technicians and professionals of high school level (53.2%), and Service workers, trade and market salespersons (41.5%).   In the group of the lowest schooling (without schooling and unfinished elementary/middle school), there were 78.3% of Qualified workers of agriculture, forestry, hunting and fishing, 61.2% of the groups Elementary occupations, 50.9% of Qualified workers, artisans and workers of construction, mechanical arts and other crafts and 42.9% of Plant and machine operators and assemblers.

Among the employed persons by major groups of employment in the main job, the biggest concentration in the male population was in Qualified workers, artisans and workers of construction, mechanical arts and other crafts and in Elementary occupations, with 17.7% and 17.3%, respectively. In the female group, the biggest share was in the major group of Elementary workers (24.0%), followed by Services workers, trade and market salespersons (21.4%).

In some major groups of employment the share of women overcome that of men. The percentage of women in the employed population was bigger than men’s in the major employment groups of Administrative support workers (63.5%), Intellectual and science professionals (59.5%), and Services workers, trade and markets salespersons (54.4%). In the major group of Elementary occupations, the female share was a little more than half (50.4%).

 

Section with the greatest female participation was Household services  

 

60.1% of employed men were concentrated in four activity sections:  Agriculture, livestock farming, forest production, fishing and aquaculture (17.5%), Trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (17.1%), Manufacturing industry (13.3%) and Construction (12.2%).

 As for the female population, 61.5% were employed in five activity sections: Trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (16.7%), Household services (15.1%), Education (10.1%), Manufacturing industry (9.8%) and Agriculture, livestock farming, forest production, fishing and aquaculture (9.7%).

The activity section with the major female concentration was Household services, where women were 92.7%, followed by Education (75.8%) and Human health and social services (74.2%).  Female participation was also higher than male’s in Other activities of service (62.5%), Lodging and food (54.9%), and a little more than half in Financial activities, insurance and related services (50.3%).  

Agriculture, livestock farming, forest production, fishing and aquaculture, which was the second position in concentration of personnel (14.2%), was the section that employed the highest number of children and teenagers:  48.8%, in the age group of 10 to 13 years of age, 33.7%, in the group of 14 or 15 years of age, and 20.8%, in the group of 16 or 17 years of age.

 

70.8% of the employed are employees and 2.0% are employers

In relation to the position at the main job, the category that had the greatest concentration of persons was that of the employees (70.8%), and the women share (74.6%) was higher than men’s (68.1%). Only 2.0 % of the employed are employers and 21.5% are self-employed. The unpaid workers and workers for their own consumption represented 4.8% in the population aged 18 or over, 57.5% in the age group 10 to 13 years of age, 31.8% in the group 14 or 15 years of age and 14.6% in that of 16 or 17 years of age.

Among the employees, those with a formal contract were 67.7%, among men, and 59.3%, among women. However, the participation of the other share of registered work - militaries and statutory civil servants – among women (9.5%) was bigger than men’s (6.1%), as well as the share of those without a formal contract (26.3% for men, and 31.2% for women).

The subgroup of domestic workers, besides having a female prevalence, stood out for representing a considerable share of the employed women.  Among the employed persons, this subgroup recorded 9.8% in total, stood at 1.3% among men, and reached 20.3% among women. From 2000 to 2010, in the domestic workers subgroup, the category with a formal labor contract grew from 29.8% to 33.8%. This growth was due to the increase in the female contingent, since among men there was a retraction: the percentage of workers with a formal contract among domestic workers grew from 28.6% to 33.3%, for women, and declined from 43.8% to 40.6%, for men.

 

46.3% of the military and statutory had at least complete higher education

The military and statutory civil servants recorded the highest schooling level: 46.3% with at least complete higher education.  The contingent of employers presented 33.1% of its members with at least complete higher education.   As for the self-employed, 48.7% were without schooling or with unfinished elementary/middle school and only 9.8% had at least complete higher education. 

The contingent with the lowest schooling level was that of workers for their own consumption, with 81.8% in the group without schooling or with incomplete elementary/middle school.  After them, there were unpaid workers (59.9%) and domestic workers (60.8%).

 

Percentage of pension contributors was lower among rural area employees

The employed persons that contributed to an official pension institute through any job represented 60.5% of employed persons.  There was not a relevant difference between men (60.6%) and women (60.4%) in terms of this indicator. However, the rural area’s result (29.2%) was far below that of the urban area(65.8%). The share of contributors grew as the schooling level rose – from 42.3% in the group without schooling or with unfinished elementary/middle school and from 86.3% in the group that had a least complete higher education.

In five activity sections, the percentage of contributors to the official pension institute through the main job was below 50%, the lowest being in the section Agriculture, livestock farming, forest production, fishing and aquaculture (23.5%), mostly concentrated in rural areas. Next, came the section Household services (38.3%).  The sections that had the greatest results in this indicator were:  Electricity and gas (94.4%), Public administration, defense and social security (91.6%) and Financial activities, insurance and related services (89.6%) In other six activity sections the percentage of contributors stood above 80%.

 

INCOME: 63.1% of employed children aged between 10 and 13 had no income

The distribution of persons aged 10 and over by ranges of income from all jobs showed a large participation of children and teenagers in the first income ranges, particularly in the range of no income. Among persons aged between 10 and 13, 63.1% had no income from work; among persons aged 14 or 15, there were 35.8%, and aged 16 or 17, 16.7% - figures much higher than for persons aged 18 and over (5.6%), which were more concentrated in the ranges of more than 1 to 2 minimum wages (33.5%) and more than 1/2 to 1 minimum wages (24.4%).

 

Income of employers fell 18.6% between 2000 and 2010

Considering the position in the occupation of persons aged 10 and over, the average nominal monthly income from the main job of employers was the highest (R$ 4,994). Self-employed workers were in the second place (R$ 1,317), highlighted by the large difference between contributors and non-contributors to pension. Self-employed workers who were not contributors (R$ 986) earned 43.4% of the income of contributors (R$ 2,272).

Real income of employers fell 18.6% (from R$ 6,138 to R$ 4,994) between 2000 and 2010, whereas real income of employees and self-employed workers rose, respectively, 15.8% (from R$ 1,018 to R$ 1,079) and 6.5% (from R$ 1,237 to R$ 1,317). In the subgroups and categories of employed persons, the largest real gain came from the military and statutory civil servants (40.9%, from R$ 1,708 to R$ 2,407), followed by domestic workers with a formal contract (33.9%, from R$ 478 to R$ 640) and without a formal contract (27.2%, from R$ 309 to R$ 393). The smallest gains came from other employed persons with a formal contract (3.0%, from R$ 1,252 to R$ 1,289) and without a formal contract (13.6%, from R$ 648 to R$ 736).

 

Income from work of employed persons with the smallest income rose 35.9% between 2000 and 2010

The average real monthly income from all jobs rose 5.5% between 2000 and 2010. In the group of the 10% largest earnings, there was a real loss of 5.3%; conversely, there was a real gain of 35.9% in the group of the 10% smallest earnings. The most expressive real gains came from the first ranges of income distribution. As a consequence, the concentration of income from work decreased: the Gini index fell 11.0%, changing from 0.602 in 2000 to 0.536 in 2010 (the closer to zero, the less concentrated the income distribution). This indicator decreased in all the regions, changing from 8.9% in the North region (from 0.596 to 0.543) to 13.6% in the South region (from 0.574 to 0.496). In 2010, the Federal District showed the highest Gini index of monthly income from all jobs (0.594), whereas the lowest came from Santa Catarina (0.464).

 

Income from all sources rose 6.9%

Average real monthly income from all sources rose 6.9% between 2000 and 2010, changing from R$ 1,254 to R$ 1,340. The Gini index of the distribution of monthly income from all sources fell 5.9%, changing from 0.611 in 2000 to 0.575 in 2010. In the few Federation Units that did not show a decline in this indicator, the increase was lower than 2%: Amazonas (1.0%), Roraima (1.8%) and the Federal District (0.6%).

 

Largest concentration of household income in the Federal District 

Average real monthly household income rose 15.2% between 2000 and 2010, changing from R$ 2,303 to R$ 2,653. In 2010, the Gini index of the distribution of monthly household income was 0.567, falling 5.0% in relation to 2000 (0.597). This indicator decreased in all the regions, more expressively in the South region (9.4%) and less expressively in the North and Southeast regions (both by 4.3%). In 2010, the highest Gini index of the monthly household income came from the Federal District (0.600) and the lowest came from Santa Catarina (0.475). From 2000 to 2010, per capita real monthly household income rose 28.6% in Brazil, changing the Gini index from 0.634 to 0.600, a decrease of 5.4%.

 

COMMUTING: 4.4% of the population in Rio de Janeiro spent more than 2h commuting to work

 

The study of the usual time spent commuting to the main job by employed persons that worked out of the household and returned daily, from the main job to the household (61,588,447 persons), revealed that 65.3% spent up to 30 minutes and 11.4%, more than 60 minutes. The existence of large metropolitan areas (like São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte, as well as several other cities potentially attractive to workers) may be one of the reasons for the regional variation, as showed by the percentages of the states of Santa Catarina and Rio de Janeiro, respectively, 17.6% and 7.6% for up to 5 minutes, and 0.3% and 4.4% (229,512 persons) for more than 120 minutes.

 

Number of persons working and/or studying in other municipalities rose 93.9%

The combined analysis of commuting to work and to study pointed out that, from 161,981,299 inhabitants aged 10 and over in 2010, 11,856,056 worked and studied, 28,813,417 only studied and 74,497,783 only worked. Therefore, 115,167,257 inhabitants worked and/or studied, which may be restrictively compared with the 111,178,989 inhabitants found in 2000. The restrictions are due to the absence of age limit in the 2000 Census.

Considering only those who worked and/or studied in other municipalities, foreign countries or in more than one municipality or country, there were 14,357,834 persons against a little more than half in 2000: 7,327,041, an increase of 93.9% (despite the fact that the 2010 Census did not include the population aged under 10 in 2010).

In 2010, 7.1% of the urban population and 7.6% of the rural population commuted to study in other municipalities, percentages that fell to only 2.0% of the urban population and 5.3% of the rural population in the group of per capita monthly household income up to 1/4 of the minimum wages. The percentages rose to 15.7% in the urban area and to 32.8% in the rural area for incomes over five minimum wages.

 

South and Southeast led commute to study across municipalities

 

The regional patterns of the commute to study showed variations resulting from the differences in the urban network, accessibility, size of the municipality, educational policies and income. The states of the South and Southeast, along with Goiás, Sergipe, Pernambuco, Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte, showed the highest percentages of persons commuting to attend school or day care in other municipalities. As a whole figure, from the 59,565,188 persons who declared to attend school or day care, 4,301,914 (7.2%) did it in other municipalities (7.6% of women and 6.8% of men) and 37,059 (0.06%), in foreign countries (0.07% of men and 0.06% of women).

 

Commute to study in other municipalities raised with schooling

 

Basic courses are likely to be attended closer to the household, due, among other reasons, to their largest capillarity across the territory (only 2.0% of the persons that attended day care and 2.1% of the persons that attended preschool or literacy classes did it in other municipalities).  The percentages were higher as the level of the course raised: 29.2% for graduation and 32.6% for specialization, Masters course or PhD, pointing out their low availability in the territory. The situation was the same as the commute to foreign countries: the largest participation also occurred in specialization, Masters course and PhD (1.1% of the persons that attended such courses). The remaining courses showed percentages lower than 0.2%.

The analysis by age groups reflected, to a large extent, the types of courses attended. Therefore, the groups aged 20 and over had higher rates of persons that studied out of their home municipality. In absolute numbers, there was a great concentration in the groups aged between 15 and 19 (881,177) and between 20 and 24 (914,510), directly related to the large participation of graduation and post-graduation students. Beyond 45 years old, inter-municipal commutes are mainly explained by the attendance to adult literacy courses, as well as to elementary/middle and high schools.

In terms of color or race, commute is higher in the white population: 9.1% studied in other municipalities, whereas the rate progressively decreased for yellow, black, brown and Indian populations, respectively to 8.2%, 6.0%, 5.6% and 3.9%. It should be highlighted that 68.4% of the persons that commuted to study in foreign countries were of the white color or race.