The percentage of consensual unions increased from 28.6% to 36.4% of the total unions between 2000 and 2010, being more common among lower classes, and making up 48.9% of persons with income of up to ½ a minimum wage.  The percentage of persons who were no longer living, but had already been in a consensual union changed from 11.9%, in 2000, to 14.6%, in 2010. Among the states, Rio de Janeiro recorded highest occurrence of this condition: 17.5%. Considering same-sex couples, 25.8% of the persons declared to have complete higher education, and 47.4%, to be Catholic. These and other data concerning marriage were surveyed by the 2010 Population Census, which also shows that the proportion of divorced persons almost doubled, and changed from 1.7% to 3.1%.  It was also observed that the Southeast is the Major Region which records the latest age for marriage of men (26.7 years) and that 69.3% of the Brazilians choose partners of the same color or race.

In the analysis of fertility by color or race, the Census showed that the biggest percent decreases occurred among black women in the Northeast (29.1%), North (27.8%) and South (25.3%) Regions.  The fertility levels of black, brown and Indian women show a younger range (between 20 and 25 years of age at most), opposed to the pattern of white women, which is mostly concentrated in the group of 25 to 29 years of age, with a significant group aged between 30 and 34. Considering women aged 40 years of age and over, Indian fertility is always higher than in other groups.  Among women without education and with incomplete elementary school, fertility rate reaches 3.00 children per women, whereas among women with complete higher education, the average is 1.14 children. Women who belonged, in 2010, to households with income per capita of up to ¼ of a minimum wage were highly fertile (3.90 children) in comparison with the average in Brazil (1.90 children).  On the other hand, women in the four groups with household income per capita above one minimum wage recorded very lower levels of fertility (between 1.30 and 0.97), which decreased with the increase of income.

As for housing units, despite some improvements, 52.5% were considered adequate (versus 43.9% in 2000), that is, with water supply from a public system, public sewer or septic tank, direct or indirect disposal of waste and up to two residents per room.

 

The average income of adequate housing units was R$ 3,537.95, whereas that of inadequate ones (without any proper conditions) was R$ 708.94. Among housing units with a white householder, 63% were adequate, versus 45.9% of housing units with a black householder.

 

The Census also showed that the percentage of inadequate housing units, inhabited by children aged 0 to 6 was high in the North (18.6%) and in the Northeast (14.5%).  The existence of a motorcycle in the housing unit, investigated by the Census for the first time, characterized this means of transportation as an alternative among inadequate housing units (22.5%).

In relation to families, in the comparison between 2000 and 2010, there was increase of the proportion of single-person domestic units (housing units with only one resident), which changed from 9.2% 10 12.1%. In Brazil, there was predominance, in 2010, of families with tow or more related persons (54.3 million). Besides that, there was increase of the proportion of families with a female householder, exclusively (22.2% in 2000, versus 37.3% in 2010). A change in comparison with previous editions is the inquiry about shared responsibility, found in 34.5% of the households formed by only one family (15.8 million). Reconstituted families formed after separation or death of one of the partners, made up 16.3% of families formed by couples.

The 2010 Census also investigated migration flows in the country and shows that Minas Gerais (3.6 million or 13.6% of the persons born in the state) and Bahia (3.1 million or 11.7% of those born in the state) were, in 2010, the states which concentrated the biggest natural population residing out of Federation Unit of origin.

The main area of residence was São Paulo, where a total 1.6 million and 1.7 million residents born in Minas Gerais and Bahia, respectively. 

 

The complete study, divided into two publications, 2010 Population Census: families and households and 2010 Population Census: nuptiality, fertility and migration, is available at https://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/default.shtm.

 

 

Nuptiality:  Consensual unions rise from 28.6% to 36.4% in ten years

 

The 2010 Census points to a significant rise of consensual unions over data of 2000. In 2010, among married persons, 36.4% lived in consensual unions, versus 28.6% in 2000. Amapá was the state which presented the highest percentage of consensual unions (63.5%) and Minas Gerais, the smallest (25.9%). The percentages of persons united by civil and religious marriage fell from 49.4% to 42.9% and of those married only in a religious ceremony, from 4.4% to 3.4%. The percentage of persons married only in a civil ceremony changed slightly, decreasing from 17.5% to 17.2% n 2010.  

 

This profile is reflected in marital statuses: single persons still make up over half of the population (55.3%), having risen by 0.5 percentage points over 2000 (54.8%). The married population fell from 37.0% to 34.8%. The percentage of divorced persons almost doubled, and went from 1.7%, in 2000, to 3.1% in 2010. Considering legally-separated or separated persons, there was decease from 1.9% to 1.7%. In terms of Federation Units, Rio de Janeiro (4.1%), Mato Grosso do Sul (4.1%) and the Federal District (4.2%) had the biggest figures relative divorced persons. The lowest percentage was found in Maranhão (1.2%).

 

 

In comparison with 2000, the percentage of separated persons increased from 11.9% to 14.6% in 2010. There was also decrease of the percentage of those who never lived with a partner, from 38.6% to 35.4%. The percentage of persons who were living with a partner changed from 49.5% in 2000 to 50.1% in 2010. Rio de Janeiro had the highest percentage of persons facing a separation, 17.5%. Rondônia was the state with the biggest percent increase of persons who were no longer, but had already been in a conjugal union: from 10.0% in 2000 to 13.3% in 2010.

 

More than half of same-sex couples (52.6%) live in the Southeast

 

The 2010 Census also inquired about some characteristics of unions between same-sex partners. In terms of level of schooling, 25.8% of the persons living with same-sex partners declared to have complete higher education. In terms of religious choice, Catholics (47.4%) prevailed, followed by persons without religion (20.4%). The single marital status was the main one (82.0%), and 99.6% lived in consensual unions.  More than half of these unions were found in the Southeast Region (52.6%).

 

Consensual union is the main choice among the black (46.6%) and brown (42.6%)

 

The distribution by color or race of persons who lived with a partner shows that the self-declared black or brown chose, in bigger proportions, to live in a consensual union (46.6% and 42.6%, respectively). It was also observed that this type of union is more common among persons up to 39 years of age, and it might be related to more difficult socioeconomic conditions, once the biggest percentage of persons in this group were those earning up to ½ a minimum wage (48.9%), and this figure decreased with the increase of income. 

 

The Census also analyzed conjugal state versus religion.  Among persons who chose to have a civil and religious marriage, there was higher occurrence of self-declared Catholics (37.5%) or Protestants (26.5%), whereas consensual union was the main choice for those without religion (59.9%). 

 

Marriage comes at a later age for men in the Southeast

The 2010 Census also showed that, among women up to 39 years of age, there was a bigger proportion of unons than among men. The latter get married, on the average, at the age of 25.9, versus the 23.0 for women. The average for the country is 24.4 years of age, and the Southeast Region had the latest marrying age figures (24.8 years), both among men (26.7 years of age) and women (23.8 years of age). Considering those who were not living and had never lived with a partner, among youngsters aged 10 to 19 years of age, 96.8% of the men and 90.0% of the women were not living with a partner.  Among the elderly (aged 60 and over), the percentage of women who never lived with a partner was higher, 7.4%, versus 4.6% of men. There even more striking differences in the group aged 20 to 29 years of age, in which 53.6% were  of the men and 38.5% of the women were not living and had never lived with a partner.

 

 

69.3% of Brazilians choose partners of the same color or race

 

With reference to the configuration of conjugal unions concerning the color or race of partners, data of the 2010 Population Census showed that 69.3% of the persons aged 10 years and over were partnered with a person of the same color or race, versus 70.9% in 2000. This behavior was more often observed among the white (74.5%), brown (68.5%) and Indians (65.0%). In the black population (45.1%) men’s choice for a black female partner occurred at a lower percentage (39.9%) compared to women in relation to men of the same group (50.3%).   

 

In terms of education, 68.2% of the persons were partnered with others who had the same level of schooling, with a higher percentage than in 2000 (63.0%). In 2010, 51.2% of the women with complete higher education had a partner of this same group, whereas only 47.0% of the men with such level of schooling were living with a partner of the same group.

 

Fertility: Fertility rate is below replacement level and influences age pyramid

 

The reduction of fertility levels in the last 50 years was the main reason accounting for the deceleration of population increase, which increased about 3.0% a year in the 1950’s, being 1.17% in the last decade. Fertility also influenced the change of the population age structure, taken to an older level now, due to the proportional increase of the number of elderly and reduction of the number of children. Fertility rate (average number of children born of a woman in the end of her fertile period) fell from 6.16 in 1940 to 1.90 in 2010, being, therefore, below the replacement level, which is 2.10 children per woman. In 2010, the North Region was the only to still keep a fertility rate above the replacement level.

 

The decline of fertility in Brazil resulted from the decrease of specific rates by age (average number of children a woman in that age group would have) in all the age groups between 2000 and 2010. However, in 2010, this decrease was bigger for younger age groups, reversing a trend observed in the Censuses of 1991 and 2000, of concentration of specific fertility rates in younger age groups within the fertile period, considering the rage of 15 to 24 years of age. 

 

Increase of education reflects decrease of fertility

 

Among women without education and with incomplete elementary school, fertility rate reached 3.00 children per women, whereas among those with complete higher education, the average was 1.14 children. The highest fertility rate in the group of women without education and with incomplete elementary school was found in the North Region (3.67); the lowest rate for women with complete higher education was found in the Southeast (1.10). Women without education or with incomplete elementary school faced reduction of fertility, from 3.43 children in 2000 to 3.00 in 2010, causing decrease of the difference between the two groups, between 2000 and 2010, from 67.1% to 61.9%.

 

The higher the level of instruction of wome, the later the age pattern of fertility. Among women without education and with complete elementary school, the biggest contribution to fertility came from the group aged between 20 and 24.  The group of complete high-school and incomplete higher education is out of the extended fertility pattern, with concentration in the group 25 to 29 years of age, whereas among women with complete higher education, the biggest contribution to fertility came from women between 30 and 34 years of age, who concentrated 1/3 of their overall fertility in this group.  Women with complete higher education have their children, on the average, 5.5 years later than those without education and with incomplete elementary school, 30.9 versus 25.4 years of age.  Since women with complete higher education represented 11.2% of the women at fertile age, versus 33.7% of those without education and with incomplete elementary school, the profile of fertility for this population still tends to a predominance of earlier motherhood.

 

Fertility rate of women with household income per capita above one minimum wage is below replacement level

 

Women who belonged, in 2010, to households with income per capita of up to ¼ of a minimum wage were highly fertile in comparison with the average in Brazil (3.90 children). On the other hand, women in the four groups with household income per capita of more than one minimum wage recorded very lower levels of fertility (between 1.30 and 0.97), which decreased with the increase of income.  This trend to decrease of fertility with increase of income can be seen in all the Major Regions.

 

Households:  Density of residents per room improves in ten years

 

Among the censuses of 2000 and 2010, there was evolution of the welfare of residents concerning density of residents per room in housing units. The location is considerd adequate when there are up to two residents per room of the housing unit. The percentage of housing units following this pattern increased from 62.9% (1991) to 81.9% (2010). However, regional differences remained, and the South Region had, in 2010, 90.1% of housing units with up to two residents per room, whereas in the Northeast only 66.2% had this characteristic.

The 2010 Census inquired about the type of coating used in the external walls of housing units: in 97.8% of the housing units, external walls were built with some type of durable material, predominantly masonry with coating (80.0%). The Southeast Region recorded the highest occurrence of housing units where external walls were made of masonry with coating (88.6%), whereas masonry without coating in external walls was more common in the North Region (13.3%), followed by the Northeast (12.3%) and Southeast (10.2%).

 

Northeast Region improves in terms of basic sanitation

 

In 2010, 52.5% of the housing units in the country were adequate (with water supply from a public system, public sewer or septic tank, direct or indirect disposal of waste and up to two residents per room), and 4.1%, inadequate (housing units without any proper conditions).  Nevertheless, only in the South (68.9%) and in the Southeast (59.35%) were more than half of the housing units adequate, since in the other Major Regions that was not observed. The North Region faced the worst scenario, accounting for only 16.3% of the adequate housing units.

 

The expansion of water supply provided by a public system occurred in all the Major Regions, although not in a uniform way. The Northeast Region recorded the most accelerated pace of development in the period, having changed from 52.8%, in 1991, to 76.3%, in 2010.

 

Sewage disposal by means of a public system or septic tank was the one basic sanitation indicator with the most critical status and the biggest inequalities among the Regions.  The North (32.9%), Northeast (45.4%) and Central West (51.8%) recorded the smallest proportions of housing units with proper sewage disposal. Even with low proportions of housing units with public sewer system or septic tank, the Northeast Region recorded the biggest proportional increase, having changed from 24.2% of housing units with proper disposal, in 1991, to 45.4% in 2010. On the other hand, the North Region recorded decrease from 36.3% to 32.9% of households accessing the public sewer system or using a septic tank, between 2000 and 2010.

 

Direct and indirect waste collection by a cleaning service company recorded a good performance in 2010, having changed between 74.4%, in the North region, and 95.0%, in the Southeast. This was the service that, proportionally, recorded the biggest increase in all the Major Regions.  Between 1991 and 2010, the North (from 36.9% to 74.4% of the housing units) and Northeast (from 41.6% to 75.0%) recorded the biggest increases in this type of service.

 

In 2010, the supply of electricity by electricity distribution companies was the most encompassing service, reaching almost all housing units, mainly in the South (99.3%) and Southeast (99.0%). The North (89.3%) and Northeast (96.9%) reached the biggest increases in comparison with data of 1991 (6.7% and 7.1%, respectively).

 

Adequate housing units in the Southeast had monthly average nominal income six times higher than inadequate housing units in the Northeast

 

The average value of monthly household income ranged according to the adequacy of housing units, either proper or not.  In 2010, the average income of the adequate housing unit was R$ 3,537.95, that of semi-adequate housing units, R$ 1,746.35, and that of inadequate ones, R$ 708.94 for the total in the country.

 

Inequalities based on color or race remained from one Census to the other. Whereas 53.9% and 63.0% of the white persons, in 2000 and 2010, lived in adequate housing units, black persons made up 34.0% and 45.9%, and brown ones 30.4% and 41.2%, in the two periods, respectively.  

 

It is worth mentioning the high percentages of inadequate housing units, inhabited by children aged 0 to 6 in the North (18.6%) and Northeast (14.5%).  Considering housing units inhabited by elderly persons made up, inadequate ones made up 9.4% in the North and 8.5% in the Northeast Region.  

 

Motorcycles were present in 22.5% of inadequate housing units

 

The 2010 Census investigated goods which were present in the housing unit but had not been considered in previous editions, such as mobile telephones, personal computers with Internet access and motorcycles.  The existence of a fixed telephone line decreased from 62.0% to 57.4% in adequate housing units (with water supply from a public system, public sewer or septic tank, direct or indirect disposal of waste and up to two residents per room) and in inadequate ones (without any proper conditions), from 1.6% to 1.1% due to the spread use of mobile telephony.  At the same time, there was increase, in order, of the proportion of housing units with television sets, refrigerators and washing machines in housing units with all levels of adequacy.  There was increase of the proportion of adequate housing units with a car, from 47.3% to 51.1%; of semi-adequate ones (which do not fulfill one of the conditions), from 22.7% to 28.6%, but decrease of the presence of cars in inadequate housing units, from 7.6% to 6.1%.  This decrease may be related to the bigger use of motorcycles, which, in 2010, were present in 22.5% of inadequate housing units.

 

 

Families:  In ten years, number of women in charge of their families went from 22.2% to 37.3%

 

 

Among the 57 million housing units enumerated in 2010, almost 50 million (87.2%) were occupied by two or more related persons, amounting to 54.3 million families; 6.9 million (12.1%) were single-person units, that is, those in which persons lived alone, and almost 400 thousand units (0.7%) did not have related persons.  This pattern of distribution changed little due to the status of the housing unit, resulting in a slightly inferior proportion of single-person domestic units in the rural area than in the urban area (10.3% versus 12.4%).

 

In ten years, the number of families with a female householder increased from 22.2% to 37.3%, even considering women who had a partner (from 19.5% to 46.4%), versus the decrease from 77.8% to 62.7%, when the householder was a man. There was also decrease of the percentage of male householders in households with a partner, from 95.3% to 92.2%. The reasons for these results may be a change of mentality concerning women’s role in society, and also factors such as the massive participation of women in the labor market and the expansion of higher-education schooling, together with the reduction of fertility.

 

20.2% of the families were formed by childless couples

 

Changes in family structure, the bigger participation of women in the labor market, low fertility rates and the aging of the population helped increase the proportion of childless couples between 200 and 2010, from 14.9% to 20.2% of the total.  The percentage of families formed by childless children is bigger in the rural area, due to historically higher fertility rates, and also to the existence of more traditional cultural values. There is also, in rural areas, a considerable lower percentage of female single-parent families:  9.1% versus 17.4% in urban areas.

 

The most frequent type among cohabitant families (those who live in the same domestic unit) is female single-parent ones (53.5%), with 98.6% of them composed of relatives of the main family.  By analyzing the relations of secondary groups, it is possible to see that in 78% of the cases there are children of the householder or of the partner of the main family who could be considered members of the main family. Female single-parent families are probably composed of daughters of the householders and/or of their partners, who had children without getting married or who returned to their parents’ home because of a separation or divorce.  

 

North Region has the biggest proportion (23.1%) of cohabiting families

 

Cohabiting families, residents of a same domestic unit, are best represented in the North (23.1%) and Northeast (17.6%).   A possible explanation lies in the fact that, due to cultural reasons, there is a more significant proportion of extended families (with more than five persons), what allows more economies of scale in localities in a less favorable economic situation.

 

Reconstituted families represent 16.3% of the couples

 

The 2010 Census also investigated the status of children in relation to householders or partners and observed that 16.3% of families formed by childless couples can be considered reconstituted ones, that is, with children of the householder only, of the partner only or a combination of both.  

 

In 21.2 % of families in charge of women, income is provided by the partner

 

In families formed by couples, 62.7% of the householders and partners earned income.  This percentage is bigger in families with a female householder, 66.4%, versus 61.6% in families with a male householder.  It is worth mentioning that in 21.2% of families in charge of women, the householder did not earn income, whereas the partner (probably a male) had sources of income.

 

In addition to that, more than half of the persons seen as householders by their families (56.8%) were between 30 and 54 years of age.  In the distribution by color or race, 48.6% declared to be white, 41.0%, brown, and 8.9%, black.

 

Forty percent of the women who live alone are widowed and 58.9% of the men, single

 

The profile of the 6.9 single-person domestic units shows the predominantly urban nature of this phenomenon:  in Brazil, 88% (6.1 million) of these units were located in cities.  Porto Alegre is the capital with the biggest proportion of persons living alone (21.4% or 508.5 thousand housing units) and is placed in the 15^th position of the national ranking.  The analysis of data on the marital status of persons living alone shows differences concerning the householder’s sex:   among women, about 40% are widowed, whereas, considering men, 10% of the householders have this marital status and most of them is single, 58.9%.

 

 

Migration:  35.4% of the Brazilian population does not live in the municipality of birth

 

 

The 2010 census shows that 35.4% of the population did not live in the municipality of birth, and 14.5% (26.3 million persons) lived in another state. São Paulo (8 million persons), Rio de Janeiro (2.1 million), Paraná (1.7 million) and Goiás (1.6 million) accumulated the biggest number of no-natural residents.  Minas Gerais (3.6 million persons), Bahia (3.1 million), São Paulo (2.4 million) and Paraná (2.2 million) were the states with the biggest volumes of natural population living in other Federation Units. 

 

The comparison between number of non-natural and residents and natural non-residents shows that, historically, 15 states have recorded positive results in the process of migration (more migrants come than leave) and 12 states, negative results (the number of departures is bigger that that of arrivals).  São Paulo has had the biggest population gain as a result of this interstate migration, with 5.6 million persons.  Minas Gerais and Bahia, states with a history in emigration, recorded the biggest negative difference between natural non-resident persons and non-natural resident ones (both with 2.2 million persons).

 

The two Federation Units with the biggest number of non-natural residents at national level were São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, both in the Southeast Region.  In the former the highlights were persons born in Bahia (1.7 million persons), Minas Gerais (1.6 million) and Paraná (1 million).  The biggest part of non-natural residing in Rio de Janeiro was born in Minas Gerais, Paraíba and Ceará, which, together, reached 45.9% of the total non-natural persons.

 

Most migrants (53.6%) not born in the state of residence came from the Northeast Region, 9.5 million persons.  The Southeast has been the main destination throughout the years. This Region became the home of 66.6% of the Northeast-born persons who lived out of their Region o origin.  Except for the North Region, where most natural persons who residing in other localities lived in the Central West, for all the persons born in the other Regions, even in foreign countries (66.4%), the Southeast Region was the main place of residence.

 

9.9 million persons migrated in the last 10 years

 

The 2010 Census detected reduction of last time migration, which refers to the last time the person moved in the period of ten years preceding the survey.   In 2000, 11.3 million persons were last time migrants, whereas, in 2010, this figure fell to 9.9 million.  Such decrease occurred I 24 states, with a reduction of 30.0% in Roraima and of about 25% in Rondônia, Ceará and São Paulo.  The state which recorded the biggest increase in the volume of immigrants was Santa Catarina (33.0%).  

 

The Northeast Region had the biggest number of states with high percentages of immigrants from other Major Regions.  Six of its nine states held, in 2010, more than 50% of the total last time immigrants coming from other Regions, the main highlight being Bahia, where 73.5% of the immigrants came from other Major Regions.

The Census also revealed increase of the volume of international last time migration between 2000 and 2010. Approximately 455 thousand persons migrated from foreign countries in the 10 years preceding the Census.  In 2000, this figure was 279 thousand persons.  The main destinations for these migrants, in 2010, were São Paulo (30.0% of the total international immigrants), Paraná (14.7%), Minas Gerais (9.8%, Rio de Janeiro (7.6%) and Rio Grande do Sul (5.3%).  As for the country of origin of migrants, 17.6% came from the United States , 13.7% from Japan and 9.8% from Paraguay.

 

In five years, 1.3 million persons left the Northeast Region

 

In relation to fixed-date migration, which investigates the place of residence of the person five years before the Census, it was observed that the Northeast Region was the only one to lose population.  Between 2005 and 2010, 1.3 million persons left the Major Region, 828 thousand heading for the Southeast and 386 thousand going the opposite way.  The states which recorded the biggest gains in population in the period, with positive migration flow, were São Paulo, Goiás and Santa Catarina.  Maranhão and Bahia recorded the biggest decreases.

 

Among the 4.6 million persons who migrated among the Federation Units in the five years preceding the Census, 2.4 million were men and 2.3, women.  The biggest part was formed by adults between 20 and 29 years of age (31.5%).  Then came immigrants aged between 30 and 39 (19.8%).  Broadly speaking, 89% of migrants were below 50 years of age and 5% of them were elderly, that is, 60 years of age and over.  

 

 

When this profile is analyzed by age group, it is possible to see that, considering women, there is a concentration in oldest age groups (about 53% were women aged 60 and over).  

 

The level of schooling is an important variable in the configuration of the profile of single-person domestic units, mainly when the analysis takes into consideration the sex of householders.  The overall level of schooling is not satisfactory, once more than half of the persons who lived in single-parent domestic units did not have any education, nor even incomplete elementary school.  On the other hand, women who lived alone had a better level of schooling than men, with 16% of them having complete higher education.