IBGE releases today the 2010 Census General Sample Results, presenting a series of changes...

 

 

IBGE releases today the 2010 Census General Sample Results, presenting a series of changes occurred in the country from 2000 to 2010, detailed at municipal level, and bringing information about topics never surveyed before.  The survey includes information on migration, marriage, fertility, education, labor ad income, disability, households, commuting to work or school and time spent on commuting to and from work.

 

In this ten-year period, the number of deaths of children under one year of age fell from 29.7 to 15.6 per one thousand infants born alive, with a decrease of 47.6% in the Brazilian infant mortality rate. Among the Major Regions, the major decrease was recorded by the Northeast, with a change from 44.7 to 18.5 deaths, although this region still accounts for the highest infant mortality indicator in the country.

 

On the other hand, fertility rate in Brazil also fell, from 2.38 children per woman in 2000, to 1.90 in 2010, a figure placed below the replacement level (2.1 children per woman) necessary to ensure the substitution of generations.

 

In 2010, there were 45.6 million persons suffering from at least type of the disabilities surveyed (visual, hearing, motor and mental), what made up 23.9% of the population.

 

There has been increase of the population’s level of schooling: in the population aged 10 years and over, the percentage of persons without schooling or with incomplete elementary school fell from 65.1% to 50.2% from 2000 to 2010; on the contrary, the percentage of persons with complete higher education, at least, increased from 4.4% to 7.9%. 

 

From 2000 to 2010, the percentage of youngsters aged 7 to 14 who were not attending school fell from 5.5% to 3.1%. The major decreases occurred in the metropolitan areas of the North (from 11.2% to 5.6%, still the highest percentage among the Major Regions) and Northeast (from 7.1% to 3.2%).

 

In 2010, the average monthly income from all activities of employed persons earning income from work was R$ 1,345, versus R$ 1,275 in 2000, and real gain of 5.5%. Whereas the average income of men changed from R$ 1,450 to R$ 1,510, from 2000 to 2010, the income of women changed from R$ 982 to R$ 1,115. The real gain was 13.5% among women and 4.1% among men. Women’s income reached 73.8% of the average income earned by men; in 2000, this figure was 67.7%.

 

The persons who earned more than 20 minimum wages from all activities represented 0.9% of the employed population in the country, in 2010, whereas the percentage without income was 6.6%, and of those earning up to one minimum wage was 32.7%.

 

In Brazil, 32.2 million persons (52.2% of the total number of workers who worked out of the housing unit) used to spend between six and 30 minutes to get to work in 2010, and 7.0 million (11.4%), more than one hour. In Rio de Janeiro, 2.0 million (38.6%) used to spend between six minutes and half an hour, 1.6 million (30.7%), between half an hour and one hour, and 1.2 million (23.1%), more than one hour to cover this distance.

 

In the Southeast Region, commuting to study in another municipality was a reality for 2.0 million students (8.5%), most of whom were residents of São Paulo:  1.1 million persons (57.0% of the total in the Southeast).  Santa Catarina recorded the highest percentage in the country: among its 1.8 million students, 184 thousand (10.1%) used to commute to another municipality.

 

In 2010, the country received 286.5 thousand immigrants from abroad, 86.7% more than in 2000 (143.6 thousand). The main countries of origin of these persons were the United States (51.9 thousand) and Japan (41.4 thousand). Among al the international immigrants, 174.6 thousand (65.0%) were Brazilian on their way back; in 2000, this group was formed by 87.9 thousand persons, representing 61.2% of the overall number of immigrants.

 

Return migration in the country, relative to persons who were born in the Federation Unit of residence on the date of reference of the Census and who were living lived in another Federation Unit five years before, changed from 22.0% (1.1 million persons) to 24.5% of the total number of  migrants (1.2 million persons).

 

The proportion of consensual unions changed from 28.6% in 2000 to 36.4% in 2010 and the occurrence of civil and religious marriages decreased from 49.2% to 42.9%. In Amapá, consensual unions reached 63.5%.  

The complete publication of the 2010 Census General Sample Results is available at

 https://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/resultados_gerais_amostra/default_resultados_gerais_amostra.shtm

IBGE has also made available an application which allows the construction of maps and cartograms with information about the 2010 Census sample, detailed at municipal level.

The link to the application is http://www.censo2010.ibge.gov.br/amostra

 

In ten years, infant mortality in the country fell by 47.6%

 

From 2000 to 2010, the infant mortality rate fell from 29.7‰ to 15.6 ‰, what represented decrease of 47.6‰ in the last decade. With decrease of 58.6%, the Northeast Region led the decline of infant mortality rates in the country, with a change from 44.7 to 18.5 deaths of children under one year of age per one thousand born alive, although this Region still presents the highest indicator. The South kept  the lowest indicators in 2000 (18.9‰) and 2010 (12.6‰).

 

In the last decade, the decrease of social and regional inequalities contributed to the formation of the current scenario of low mortality indexes and more convergence among the Regions. Nevertheless, there is still a long way to go before Brazil comes close to the levels of more developed countries, of about five deaths of children under one year of age per one thousand born alive.

 

In 2010, fertility rate was 1.90 children per women

 

The fertility rate in Brazil recorded decrease of 20.1% in the last decade, having changed from 2.38 children per woman, in 2000, to 1.90 in 2010, a figure placed below the replacement level (2.1 children per woman) that ensures the substitution of generations. Decline occurred in all the Regions, with the biggest decreases being observed in the Northeast (23.4%) and in the North (21.8%), followed by the South and Southeast (about 20.0%, both) and by the Central West, with the lowest decrease (14.5%).

 

Fertility rates changed significantly, even within the same Region. In the North Region, Acre had the highest rate in Brazil (2.82 children per woman), whereas Rondônia was close to the replacement level (2.15 children per woman); Maranhão and Alagoas had the highest rates in the Northeast (2.50 and 2.22, respectively). In the Central West, the Federal District had one of the lowest rates in the country (1.74) and Mato Grosso, 2.11. The indicators were low in the South and Southeast, ranging between 1.67 in São Paulo and 1.85 in Paraná. 

 

The tendency in Brazil up to year 2000 was the increase of fertility concentration in the groups aged between 15 and 24 years, what meant rejuvenation of the fertility pattern.  However, from 2000 to 2010, the groups aged 15 to 19 years and 20 to 24 years faced decrease of participation from 18.8% to 17.7% and from 29.3% to 27.0%, respectively. Although this last group still accounts for the highest percentage of national fertility, the pattern in 2010 was enlarged, with increase of participation of the group above 30 years of age. The average fertility age changed from 26.3 years in 2000 to 26.8 in 2010.

 

The comparison by Region shows convergence among the rates of the group aged 30 years and over, whereas in the younger ones the differences were more significant. The North Region, which presents the highest rates in the groups of up to 29 years of age, presents the youngest pattern, mostly concentrated in the group aged 20 to 24 years of age. On the other hand, the South and Southeast Regions presented an older structure of fertility, concentrated in the final years of the fertile period.

 

Percentage of youngsters out of school in the North Region decreases, but remains the highest in the country

From 2000 to 2010, the percentage of youngsters aged 7 to 14 who were not attending school fell from 5.5% to 3.1%. The comparison was made considering seven years of age as the lower limit since, in 2000, that was the age at which a child was supposed to take up elementary school.  The major decreases occurred in the North (from 11.2% to 5.6%, which is still the highest percentage among the Major Regions) and Northeast  (from 7.1% to 3.2%).

 

In 2010, 966 thousand youngsters aged 6 to 14 years of age (3.3% of the population in this age group) were not attending school. The North Region had the highest percentage of children not attending school in this group (6.1%), more than twice as the Southeast (2.8%) and the South (2.5%). The biggest percentages were recorded by Amazonas (8.8%), Roraima (8.3%) and Acre (8.2%), followed by Pará (5.5%). On the other hand, the lowest percentage of this indicator was recorded by Santa Catarina (2.2%).

 

In the group aged 15 to 17 years of age, 16.7% were not attending school in 2010, significantly less than in 2000 (22.6%).  The Southeast kept the lowest percentage in 2000 (20.1%) and 2010 (15.0%). The biggest percentages in 2010 were those of the North and South Regions, 18.7% each.  In 2000, the North Region already held the biggest percentage, 21.7%, and recorded the major decrease among the Regions, in the period. Acre had the majority of teenagers aged 15 to 17 out of school, 22.2%, being followed by Mato Grosso do Sul (20.5%), whereas the lowest percentages in this case were found in the Federal District (11.6%) and Rio de Janeiro (13.1%).

 

The public education system accounted for 78.1% of the persons attending school or day care center in the country in 2010. This percentage was the highest in the North Region (86.0%), significantly more than in the Northeast (80.5%), which featured in the second position. Then came the Central West (74.9%), Southeast (75.1%) and South (77.7%). Among the Federation Units, the percentage ranged from 61.4% in the Federal District, to 90.3% in Acre.

 

Percentage of persons with complete higher education increased from 4.4% to 7.9% 

In the analysis of the population aged 10 years and over by level of schooling, from 2000 to 2010, the percentage of persons without schooling or with incomplete elementary school fell from 65.1% to 50.2%, whereas the percentage of persons with at least complete higher education increased from 4.4% to 7.9%.  There were increments in all the Major Regions. In the Southeast, the percentage of persons without schooling or with incomplete elementary school fell from 58.5% to 44.8%; the percentage of persons with at least complete higher education increased from 6.0% to 10.0%. In opposite positions were the North Region (from 72.6% to 56.5% and from 1.9% to 4.7%, respectively) and the Northeast Region (from 75.9% to 59.1% and from 2.3% to 4.7%).

 

The Federal District presented the highest level of schooling in 2010, with the lowest percentage of persons without instruction or with incomplete elementary school (34.9%) and the biggest percentage of persons with at least complete higher education (17.6%).  Other results were those of São Paulo, with 41.9% and 11.7%, and  Rio de Janeiro, with 41.5% and 10.9%, respectively.

 

Women had real gain of 13.5% in income from work and men, of 4.1%  

In 2010, the average real income from all activities of persons employed and earning income from work was R$ 1,345, versus R$ 1,275 in 2000. Whereas the average real income from work of men changed from R$ 1,450 to R$ 1,510, from 2000 to 2010, the income of women went from R$ 982 to R$ 1,115. In terms of real gain, the difference was 5.5% for both sexes, 13.5% for women and 4.1% for men.  The income of women reached 73.8% of the average income of men; in 2000, this figure was 67.7%.  

 

The South Region kept the lowest percentages of average income from work of women in relation to that of men, with a change from 63.2% to 69.0%.  Opposite to that was the North Region, where the average income from work of women changed from 74.6% to 82.3% of that earned by men.  Among the states, in 2010, Amapá held the biggest percentage of average income from work of women in relation to that of men (88.6%) and Santa Catarina had the lowest one, with women making 67.4% of the average income from work of men.

 

The group without income or with nominal monthly household income per capita of up to ¼ of a minimum wage encompassed 19.6% of the private households in the country in 2010. The highlights were the North (28.5%) and Northeast (28.6%), way higher from the other regions, placed between 12.5% and 17.4%. In the group with monthly household income per capita of more than five minimum wages there were 6.5% of the households. This indicator reached 8.3% in the Southeast and Central West Regions and 7.1% in the South Region, significantly above the percentages found in the North (3.6%) and Northeast (3.2%).

 

In terms of real gain of monthly household income of permanent private housing units, from 2000 to 2010, in the country, there was rise of 15.5% (from R$ 2,297 to R$ 2,653), with increases recorded in all the areas. The lowest ones were recorded in the Southeast (11.0%, from R$ 2,812 to R$ 3,122) and, in the other ones, with a change from 21.5% to 25.5%.  Even recording the lowest monthly household income in both years considered, the Northeast had the biggest real gain (25.5%, from R$ 1,361 to R$ 1,708).  

 

32.7% of the population earned up to one  minimum wage as income from work

 

In the analysis by income range, the persons who made more than 20 minimum wages as monthly income from all their activities made up 0.9% of the employed population of the country in 2010, whereas the group without income made up 6.6% and those earning up to one minimum wage, 32.7%. Persons earning more than 10 minimum wages as monthly income from work represented 3.1% of the employed population.

 

The North and Northeast regions presented the biggest percentages of employed persons without income from work (11.9% and 13.6%, respectively) and also of persons earning up to one minimum wage as monthly compensation (41.6% and 51.2%, respectively), figures that differ from those in other Regions, which crecorde changes from 23.4% to 28.9%.

 

In 2010, the highest monthly average income from work were those of the Central West Region (R$ 1,579) and Southeast Region (R$ 1,512) and the lowest, that of the Northeast (R$ 946), which made up 83.9% of the figure of the North (R$ 1,128) and almost 60% of the figure of the Central West.  The average monthly income from work had real increment in all the Major Regions, from 2000 to 2010, except in the Southeast, where it recorded slight decrease (0.7%).  The decline resulted from the slight reduction of the average real income from work of the male population (1.7%), once the female one recorded increase (6.5%), although at a lower rate than the other Major Regions.

 

South Region presented the highest employment level in 2000 (53.5%) and in 2010 (60.1%) 

 

From 2000 to 2010, the employment level (percentage of employed persons, in the week of reference, in the population aged 10 years and over) in the country increased from 47.9% to 53.3%.  From 2000 to 2010, the employment level of the South Region increased from 53.5% to 60.1%, remaining as the highest one, whereas in the Northeast it was still the lowest, despite the increment from 43.6% to 47.2%.  The employment level of the North Region changed from 45.3% to 49.4%, from 2000 to 2010, and remained closer to the result of the Northeast than to those of the Southeast (54.8%) and Central West (57.9%) in 2010. The employment level of Santa Catarina (63.1%) represented a positive highlight, being followed by the figure of Rio Grande do Sul (59.3%), Paraná (59.2%) and Federal District (59.0%).  The lowest figures were those of Alagoas (44.0%) and Maranhão (44.9%).

 

 

Four sectors of economic activity concentrated 50.3% of the employed population in the country

 

The analysis of the employed population distribution by type of economic activity in 2010 showed that 50.3% of it was concentrated in four of the 21 activity sectors.  The segment of trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles concentrated 17.0% of the employed persons; agriculture, livestock, forest production, fishing and aquaculture, 14.2%; manufacturing industry, 11.8%; and construction, 7.3%. Other three segments contributed with more than 5% to the employed population:  domestic services (6.9%), education (5.6%) and public administration, defense and social security (5.4%).  

 

The structure of economic activity presents striking regional differences which were reflected in the distribution of the employed population. The percentage of persons in the segment of agriculture, livestock, forest production, fishing and aquaculture in the employed population of the Northeast Region (24.2%) was close to that of the North (23.0%), both with significantly higher percentages than recorded in the other Regions. In terms of manufacturing industry, the South Region was the highlight, with 16.4%.  

 

Persons with a signed employment record card made up 63.9% of the employed population  

 

In the country, the percentage of formal employees in the employed population increased from 66.6% to 70.8%, from 2000 to 2010. The second biggest parcel of the employed population, formed by self-employed workers, changed from 23.5% to 21.5%. The category of workers with a signed employment record card increased its contribution to the national group of employees, from 54.8% to 63.9%, whereas the category of military and civil servants changed from 8.5% to 7.6%.  The percentage of persons who used to work between 40 and 44 hours per week in the main job went from 34.0%, in 2000, to 46.0%, in 2010.

In Brazil, 11.4% of the workers spent more than one hour to get to work; in Rio de Janeiro, 23.1% did

The analysis of the time spent on commuting between one’s residence and their place of work showed that, in Brazil, 32.2 million persons (52.2% of the total number of workers who worked out of the household) spent more than 30 minutes to get to work in 2010, and 7.0 million (11.4%) spent more than one hour. In the state of Rio de Janeiro, 2.0 million persons (38.6%) spent between six minutes and half an hour; 1.6 million (30.7%), between half an hour and one hour, and 1.2 million (23.1%) spent more than one hour.

 

In Brazil, out of the total of 86 million persons aged 10 years and over employed in 2010, 87.1% worked in their municipality of residence, among which 20 million (26.6%) worked in their own household and 55 million out of it. The ones who worked in another municipality represented 11.8% of the employed population (10.1 million). Commuting to work in another municipality in São Paulo affected three million employed persons (29.6% of those who used to commute to another municipality). In Rio de Janeiro, this type of commuting was a reality for 1.2 million (12.0%).

 

8.3% of the students attended daycare centers or schools in another municipality

 

Among the 59.6 million persons who were attending school or daycare center in 2010, 55.2 million (92.7%) studied in their municipality of residence.  In the Southeast, commuting to study was a reality for 2.0 million students (8.5%), mostly in São Paulo: 1.1 million persons (57.0% of the total in the Southeast) used to commute to another municipality in order to attend classes.  In proportional figures, Santa Catarina recorded the highest percentage in the country: out of a total 1.8 million students, 184 thousand (10.1%) used to commute.  

 

Brazilians returned to the country between 2005 and 2010

The 2010 Census recorded a big increase of the movement into the country when compared to data of 2000. There were a total of 286.5 thousand international immigrants, according to the criteria of a fixed-date, that is, individuals who were living in Brazil on the reference date of the Census, but who had been living in a foreign country five years before.  This figure was 86.7% bigger than in 2000 (143.6 thousand). The main states chosen as destination by these immigrants were São Paulo and Minas Gerais which, together, received more than half of the international immigrants in this period.

 

Among all the international immigrants, 174. 6 thousand (65.0%) had been born in Brazil, forming a group called return immigrants.  In 2000, there were 87.9 thousand international return immigrants, 61.2% of the immigrants in the period.

 

The main countries of origin of those immigrants were the United States (51.9 thousand persons), Japan (41.4 thousand), Paraguay (24.7 thousand), Portugal (21.4 thousand) and Bolivia (15.8 thousand). In 2000 the main countries of origin were Paraguay (35.5 thousand immigrants), Japan (19.7 thousand), Argentina (7.8 thousand)  and Bolivia (6.0 thousand).

 

Santa Catarina had the biggest increase in the number of immigrants from 2000 to 2010 

 

The 2000 Census detected decrease of internal migration. Between 1995 and 2000, there were 30.6 migrants per one thousand inhabitants, whereas from 2005 to 2010, there were 26.3. 

 

The increase of the number of immigrants in Santa Catarina, 59.1% between the two periods, resulted in net migration (migration balance between persons entering and leaving the country) of 174.1 thousand persons between 2005/2010, almost three times as the figure relative to 1995/2000, 59.9 thousand persons.

 

Except for Rio Grande do Norte and Sergipe, which presented positive net migration figures, Northeastern states have been facing population decrease.    

 

Percentage of return migrants was bigger among Northeastern states

 

 

In 2000, return migrants represented 22.0% of the total migrants (1.1 million persons) in Brazil.  In 2010, this percentage increased to 24.5% of the migrants (1.23 million persons).

 

“Return migration” refers to persons who were born in the same state where they were living on the census reference date, but who had been living in another Federation Unit five years before, and represented more than 40.0% among the states in the Northeast Region, except for Rio Grande do Norte and Sergipe.   

 

The biggest percentage of return immigrants in the country, 46.6%, was found in the state of Ceará, and the second biggest one, 44.2%, in Rio Grande do Sul.  

 

Consensual unions increased from 28.6% to 36.4%

 

According to the 2010 Census, the proportion of divorced persons changed from 1.8% in 2000 to 3.1% in 2010, led by Mato Grosso, Rio de Janeiro and the Federal District (4.1%, 4.1% and 4.3%, respectively), whereas Maranhão presented the smallest indicator (1.2%).  The proportion of dissolution of conjugal unions rose from 11.9% to 14.6%, and there was increase of consensual unions (couples who live together without being having gotten married in a civil or religious ceremony), from 28.6% in 2000 to 36.4% in 2010. Civil and religious marriages decreased from 49.2% to 42.9%. Consensual unions faced more significant increases in the North and Northeast, being the main highlight the  state of Amapá, where the proportion reached 63.5. There was also decrease of the number of persons who declared never having been in a consensual union of any kind (35.4% in 2010, versus 38.6% in 2000).

 

23.9% of the population had at least one of the types of disability considered in the survey 

 

In 2010, there were 45.6 million persons suffering from at least one of the disabilities investigated (visual, hearing, motor and mental), representing 23.9% of the population. The difference in relation to the data of the 2000 Census (14.3% of the population) occurred due to a methodological improvement, which made it possible to obtain information in a better way.

 

The biggest percentage was found in the Northeast Region (26.6%), whereas the South and the Central West showed the smallest proportions (22.5%). Rio Grande do Norte (27.8%), Paraíba (27.8%) and Ceará (27.7%) presented the biggest percentages. Roraima (21.2%), Santa Catarina (21.3%) and Mato Grosso do Sul (21.5%) had the smallest occurrences.

 

Visual disability was the most commonly observed type, and eye impairment, despite the use of glasses or contact lenses, affected 35.8 million persons (18.8%). Severe visual impairment (persons who declared to have great difficulty or who could not see at all) affected 6.6 million persons, among whom 506.3 thousand (0.3%) were completely blind. 

 

 

Movement difficulty affected 13.3 million persons (7.0%). A total 4.4 million persons declared to suffer from motor disability (great difficulty or incapacity to move). Among these, 734.4 thousand were incapable of walking or climbing stairs (0.4%). Hearing disability affected 9.7 million persons (5.1%), and severe hearing disability (persons with great difficulty or completely unable to hear), 2.1 million, among whom 344.2 thousand were deaf (0.2%).  Severe mental or intellectual disability was reported by 2.6 million persons, representing 1.4% of the population.

 

Percentage of housing units with a personal computer in the Southeast (48.0%) was more than twice as in the North (22.7%) and Northeast (21.2%)

 

According to the 2010 Census, personal computers were present in 38.3% of the housing units, being 30.7% with Internet access, figures which presented a difference of more than two times between the Southeast (48.0% and 39.6%, respectively) and the North (22.7% and 15.4%) and the Northeast (21.25 and 16.8%).

 

Whereas, in 2000, 39.7% of the housing units in Brazil had a telephone line, in 2010 there were 87.9% with a fixed or a mobile line, or both. The housing units which had only a fixed line made up 4.7% of the total. In the South of the country, the households with a telephone line reached 93.5%; the  Northeast Region recorded the  lowest percentage (77.3%).

 

There are also differences among the Regions concerning the item washing machine, ranging between 65.5% in the South and 19.0% in the Northeast. The survey brings another new fact: the existence of motorcycles for personal use, in 19.5% in the Brazilian households, and the highest percentage of occurrence in the Central West (26.8%).