The National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) 2009 shows advances in several indicators, such as the increased percentage of employees with formal contracts, from 58.8% in 2008 to 59.6% in 2009...

 

The National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) 2009 shows advances in several indicators, such as the increased percentage of employees with formal contracts, from 58.8% in 2008 to 59.6% in 2009. The real average monthly income also remained rising, with an increase of 2.2% between 2008 and 2009, and the concentration of this income, measured by the Gini index, continued decreasing, from 0.521 to 0.518 (the closest to zero, the least uneven is distribution). Besides, child labor continued declining (in 2009, 4.3 million people aged 5 to 17 worked, against 4.5 million in 2008 and 5.3 million in 2004), and workers’ schooling continued rising. In 2009, 43.1% of the employed population had at least completed high school, against 41.2% in 2008 and 33.6% in 2004, and workers with complete higher education represented 11.1% of total, against 10.3% in 2008 and 8.1% in 2004.

 

On the other hand, the Brazilian labor market, like in most countries, suffered the effects of the international crisis. In relation to 2008, there was an increase of 18.5% in unemployed population (from 7.1 to 8.4 million people aged 10 or over), especially among the youngest, and a growth of unemployment rate, from 7.1% to 8.3%, reverting a downward trend in this indicator that had remained since 2006. The employed population, estimated in approximately 92.7 million, did not alter significantly in relation to the previous year (0.3% increase), and the employment level declined from 57.5% to 56.9%.

 

PNAD 2009 investigated 399,387 people in 153,837 households in the whole country, regarding themes such as population, migration, education, work, family, households and income, with September as the reference month.

 

In relation to life conditions of the population, the survey shows that the access to services like water supply by a general network (from 42.4 million in 2004 to 49.5 million in 2009), waste collection (from 43.7 million in 2004 to 51.9 million in 2009), electric lighting (from 50.0 million in 2004 to 57.9 million in 2009) and collection network or skeptic tanks linked to the sewage collection network (from 29.1 million in 2004 to 34.6 million in 2009). Access to durable goods, like washing machines, TVs, and refrigerators, has been growing too, as well as the percentage of residences that have computers (34.7% in 2009), Internet (27.4%) and cell phone (78.5%).

 

In 2009, the number of permanent private households was estimated in 58.6 million units, and the Brazilian population reached 191.8 million people, with women representing 51.3% and men, 48.7% of total. The age structure of this population continued presenting an ageing trend, and 11.3% of people were 60 years or over. As to schooling, there was a slight reduction in the illiteracy rate for people aged 15 or over (from 11.5% in 2004 to 9.7% in 2009) and in the rate of functional illiteracy for this same age group, from 24.4% to 20.3%.

 

PNAD 2009 also brought news in relation to previous editions. Information technology became a permanent theme, and the survey recorded that the number of internet users more than doubled, increasing from 31.9 million in 2005 to 67.9 million in 2009. It also investigated the marital status of people aged 15 or over, datum that up to then was only obtained in the Census, and found that married people consisted of 45.8% of the population in this age group, against 42.8% of single people. The survey verified that if students attended municipal, state or federal public schools (before there was only the division into public and private as a whole), if own-account workers and employers worked for enterprises with National Directory of Legal Entities (CNPJ) or not, and the possession of cars, motorcycles, and DVDs, who were present at, respectively 37.5%, 16.2% and 72% of the households.

 

Besides comparisons to years 2004 on, when it began to cover completely all federation units, a historical comparison from 1999 to 2009 was also conducted, harmonizing data with the coverage existent until 2003, which excluded rural areas of almost all states from the North region, except Tocantins. Next, we can see the main results of PNAD 2009.

 

Between 2008 and 2009, percentage of employed people falls from 57.5% to 56.9%

 

In 2009, among the 162.8 million people aged 10 or over, 62.1% were part of the work force, that is, worked or were looking for a job and, because of that, they were considered economically active. This percentage remained stable in relation to both 2008 and 2004 (62% in both years).

 

Among those 101.1 million economically active people, 91.7% worked during the last week of September 2009; the other 8.3% looked for a job. The employed population in 2009 (92.7 million) did not significantly alter in relation to 2008 (0.3% increase) and represented 56.9% of the people aged 10 or over. This rate, called employment level, fell in relation to 2008 (57.5%), but rose in relation to 2004 (56.5%). The South presented the highest employment level in 2009 (61.6%), and the Northeast, the lowest (54.4%).

 

Unemployed population grows 18.5% in relation to 2008

 

The unemployed population (8.4 million people in 2009) increased 18.5% in relation to 2008, when there was around 7.1 million unemployed people in the country. In 2004, this contingent was 8.2 million people. The unemployment rate changed from 7.1% in 2008 to 8.3% in 2009, when the downward trend initiated in 2006 was interrupted. Although they were still the majority (51.3%) in the population of active age (10 or over), women were still, in 2009, minority (42.6%) among employed people and more representative in the unemployed population (58.3%). Less than half of the women (46.8%, or 39.5 million) were employed in 2009; among men, 67.8% were employed, and from 2008 to 2009, the rise of the unemployment rate was more significant for women (from 9.6% to 11.1%) than for men (from 5.2% to 6.2%).

 

Workers’ schooling keeps increasing

 

In 2009, 43.1% of the employed population had at least complete high school, against 33.6% in 2004, and workers with complete higher education represented 11.1% of total, against 8.1% in 2004. In this time interval, percentages of employed people in lower levels of schooling decreased, and those with higher levels increased. In 2009, in regions Southeast, South, and Central West, percentages of employed people with at least high school surpassed 40%; in the Southeast (14.1%), South (12%) and Central West (12.5%) the percentage of workers with complete higher education was bigger than national average.

 

In 2009, 42.9% of the employed population worked in activities of services. From 2004 to 2009, the percentage of employed people in agricultural activities fell (from 21.1% to 17%); industry (from 14.6% to 14.7%) and trade (from 17.3% to 17.8%) showed stability; there were rises in construction (from 6.3% to 7.4%) and services (from 40.4% to 42.9%).

 

Work with formal contracts remained increasing, both in the year and in relation to 2004

 

In 2009, more than half of the employed population (58.6%) consisted of employees, 20.5% were own-account workers, 7.8% household servants, and employers were 4.3%. The other 8.8% were non-paid workers (4.6%), workers engaged in production for their own consumption (4.1%) and in construction for their own use (0.1%).Among the 54.3 million employees, 59.6% (or 32.3 million) had a formal contract, 12.2% were military or statutory servants, and 28.2% had no formal contract. The Southeast had the highest percentage of workers with formal contracts (67.3%) among employees; the North, the lowest (42.4%). The participation of workers with formal contracts among employees grew in relation to 2004 (when it was 54.9%), whereas that of workers with no formal contract fell (it was 33.1% in 2004).

 

 

In all activity groups a tendency of increased participation of workers with formal contracts was confirmed. In 2009, there were 7.2 million household workers in the country, and in relation to 2008, the contingent grew 9%. In the same period, there was growth of 12.4% (or 221 thousand more household workers in this condition) in the number of household workers with formal contracts (2.0 million). Between 2004 and 2009, while the contingent of household workers increased 11.9%, that of household workers with formal contracts rose 20%.

 

Number of workers belonged to a union declines and that of Social Security contributors rises

 

In 2009, 16.5 million workers were associated to some union, what represented 17.7% of the employed population. There was a reduction of 1.9% in relation to 2008, when the percentage was 18.2%. The South region had the highest percentage of union workers (20.7%) and the North region, the lowest (14.1%). The number of Social Security contributors, on the other hand, goes on increasing. In 2009, approximately 49.6 million workers, 53.5% of the total employed population, contributed to Social Security; in 2008, there were 48.1 million (52.1%), and in 2004, the percentage was 46.4%.

 

PNAD investigates work in enterprises with CNPJ

 

PNAD investigated, for the first time, among own-account workers and employers, if the enterprise where they worked had CNPJ. Around 14% of own-account workers are estimated to work in enterprises with CNPJ; for employers, the percentage was 68.4%. Regions South and Southeast were the ones to present the highest percentages of workers in enterprises with CNPJ.

 

Child labor remains in decline and in agriculture

 

The level of child labor is in decline. There were 5.3 million workers aged 5 to 17 in 2004, 4.5 million in 2008, and 4.3 million in 2009. Approximately 123 thousand of them were children aged 5 to 9, 785 thousand were 10 to 13, and 3.3 million, from 14 to 17. The Northeast region presented the highest proportion of employed people aged 5 to 17 (11.7%), and the Southeast, the lowest (7.6%).

 

Among employed people aged 5 to 17, 34.6% were engaged in agriculture, 9.4% produced for their own consumption or in construction for their own use. The average monthly income of all works of employed people aged 5 to 17 increased from R$ 262 in 2007, to R$ 269 in 2008, and R$ 278 in 2009.

 

Work income grows 2.2% between 2008 and 2009, but still does not reach the level of 1996

 

The average monthly income of work grew 2.2% between 2008 and 2009, going from R$ 1,082 to R$ 1,111. Although such growth is bigger than that observed between 2007 and 2008 (1.7%), it was below the percentages recorded between 2006 and 2007 (3.1%) and 2005 and 2006 (7.2%). The fourth consecutive year of rise in this index, however, does not make it the highest of the series: in 1996, work income amounted R$ 1,144. Even though, the accumulated gain since 2004 reached 20%.

 

In the comparison to 2008, the highest increase occurred in the North (4.4%), reaching R$ 921, followed by the South (3% – R$ 1,251), the Northeast (2.7% – R$ 734) and the Southeast (2% – R$ 1,255). The only region to record fall in the average monthly income of work, the Central West (-0.6%), however, continued with the highest value: R$ 1,309.

 

 

Northeast surpasses Central West as the region where work income is most concentrated

 

Between 2008 and 2009, the index Gini for work income in Brazil decreased from 0.521 to 0.518 (the closest to zero, the least concentrated is income distribution). In 2007, this index was 0.528 and, in 2006, 0.541. In the Northeast, it fell from 0.546 to 0.542 between 2008 and 2009; and in the South, from 0.486 to 0.482. The Southeast did not present a significant variation, changing from 0.496 to 0.495, the opposite of what occurred in the Central West, where the decrease was from 0.552 to 0.540. Such a decline made the region not present the highest concentration index in this item, what had happened since 2007. In 2009, this place was occupied by the Northeast. Considering sex, in 2009, the average monthly income of women (R$ 786) represented 67.1% of the obtained by men (R$ 1.171). In 2004, this percentage was 63.6%, and has been increasing since then.

 

Income from all sources grows for the fifth consecutive month

 

The real average monthly income from all sources grew 2.3% between 2008 and 2009, reaching R$ 1,088. The real average figures from all sources, for the period 2004-2008, were: R$ 915, R$ 962, R$ 1,020, R$ 1,046 and R$ 1,064. As well as in work income, growth occurred in all income classes, especially the lowest, causing the decrease of the Gini index, from 0.530 to 0.524.

 

In 2009, average household income was R$ 2,085, with real gain of 1.5% in relation to the R$ 2,055 verified in 2008. Between 2004 and 2009, the accumulated increase amounted 19.3%. Since growth was stronger in the lowest income classes, there was decrease in the concentration indicator, making the Gini index decrease from 0.514 to 0.509. The North was the only region to have the index increase in the period, from 0.477 to 0.491.

 

Number of elderly people grows three times more than the population as a whole

 

The participation of people aged 25 or over in the total Brazilian population increased yearly between 2004 (53.7%) and 2009 (58.4%), while the number of people aged up to 24 has been decreasing and fell from 46.3% to 41.6% in the same period. Comparing 2008 and 2009, there was reduction of 642 thousand people in the population aged up to 24, whereas the age group from 25 to 29 years increased by 1.8 million people. The fertility rate was 1.9 children per woman in 2008 and 2009, against 2.1 in 2004.

 

In the population aged 60 or over, growth was 697 thousand people between 2008 and 2009, what represented an increase of 3.3% against a 1% rise in the total population resident in the country. In 2009, 11.3% of the Brazilians were 60 or over, against 11.1% in 2008 and 9.7% in 2004. The North region remained with the largest relative concentrations of younger age groups, especially people aged 5 to 14, 21.4% in 2009. The South and Southeast regions presented the highest percentages in the 40-59 age group (25.6% and 26.2%) and in the 60 or over age group (12.7% and 12.3%).

 

As to color, the resident population was formed by 48.2% (92.5 million) people that self-declared white; 6.9% (13.3 million), black; 44.2% (84.7 million), brown; and 0.7% (1.3 million) yellow and indigenous. Compared to 2004, an increase was observed of 2 percentage points in the proportion of those who self-declared brown (42.2%), and of 1 percentage point of those who declared themselves black (5.9%).

 

 

North, Northeast and Central West have more married than single people

 

In 2009, in Brazil, there were around 66.6 million people aged 15 or over who were married, 45.8% of that total population, whereas single people represented 42.8% (62.3 million). In the South and Southeast regions, the respective percentages of married people (48.2% and 49.7%) were bigger that those of single people (38.9% and 37.9%), whereas in the North, Northeast and Central West regions, the percentages of single people (57.8%, 47.1% and 45.7%) surpassed those of married people (35.1%, 43.6% and 43.1%), with a bigger difference (22.7 percentage points) in the North region.

 

From the 35-39 age group, the percentage of married people in the male population remained above that of the female, markedly increasing the difference between these two indicators with age increase. Most widowed people were female, with the percentage of widowed women (9.4%) four times superior to that of widowed men (2.2%), due to women’s longer life expectancy.

 

Functional illiteracy rate in decline, but above 20%

 

The rate of illiteracy among people aged 15 or over fell 1.8 percentage point between 2004 and 2009. In spite of this, last year there were still 14.1 million illiterates, what corresponds to 9.7% of the population in this age group. PNAD also estimated the rate of functional illiteracy (percentage of people aged 15 or over with less than four years of study) to be 20.3%. The index is 4.1 percentage points lower than that of 2004 and 0.7 percentage point lower than that of 2008.

 

The Northeast was where illiteracy most decreased between 2004 and 2009 (from 22.4% to 18.7%), but presents the index much above those of other regions, almost twice as big as national average. In this region, reduction of functional illiteracy is worth highlighting, with 6.6 percentage points from 2004 to 2009.

 

Among illiterates, 92.6% were 25 or over, what represented 12% of total population in this age group. Among people aged 50 or over, the illiteracy rate was 21%. PNAD also showed that the illiteracy rate of people aged 15 or over was higher among men (9.8%) than among women (9.6%).

 

In 2009, the population with complete higher education reached 10.6%, 2.5 percentage points above that of 2004. Among those who had finished high school, there was an increase from 18.4% to 23% in the same period. Few more than 78% of the 55.2 million Brazilian students attended public schools, a percentage superior to 81% in the North and Northeast regions. Just in higher education private institutions served more students.

 

Among students who attended public schools, in Brazil, 54.7% belonged to the municipal sphere, 42.9% to the state and 2.4% to the federal sphere. Municipal schools served most students in the North (55.5%) and Northeast (67.3%) regions.

 

Schooling improves: Brazilians aged 10 or over have an average of 7.2 years of studying

 

According to PNAD, among children aged 6 to 14, the schooling rate (percentage of those who attended school) was 97.6% in 2009, 1.5 percentage point above that of 2004. Even in classes with no income or income below a fourth of minimum wage per capita, attendance at school was 96.5% for this age group, increasing as economic conditions also improved, reaching, in families whose income was one or more minimum wages, 99%. The percentage of children aged 6 to 14 at school was above 96% in all regions of Brazil. For teenagers from 15 to 17, the schooling rate in 2009 was 90.6%, against the 84.5% in 2008, and 85.2% in 2004; among youngsters aged 18 to 24, percentages were38.5% in 2009, 24.2% in 2008, and 30.3% in 2004. Among children aged 4 to 5, 86.9% were at school, a percentage equally superior to those of 2008 (76.2%) and 2004 (74.8%).

 

Despite the increased schooling rates, PNAD showed that, in 2009, Brazilians aged 10 or over had an average of 7.2 years of studying. Between 2004 and 2009, the proportion of people that had at least 11 years of studying increased from 25.9% (38.7 million) to approximately 33% (53.8 million). On the other hand, the percentage of individuals with less than four years of studying decreased from 25.9% (38.7 million people) to 22.2% (36.2 million).

 

12% of households have just one resident

 

Of the 58.6 million permanent private households estimated in 2009, 18.3% had five or more residents, after a decline of approximately 1% each year, since the 23.3% recorded in 2004. Households with two or three residents increased, together, from 42.8% to 47.7%, and those with just one resident changed from 10.4% to 12% in the same period. The average number of people per family resident in private households was 3.1 in 2009, the same recorded in 2008.

 

From 2008 to 2009, total households with water supply, waste collection, electric lighting and sewage collection increase

 

The number of households served by a general network of water supply (49.5 million) represented, in 2009, 84.4% of total and increased 1.2 million units in relation to 2008, keeping the upward trend of the previous years. The evolution of the Central West region stands out, where the increase of 1.7 percentage point in the proportion of households served in relation to 2008 represented an increase of 151 thousand households, reaching 3.6 million units in 2009.

 

Regarding sewerage, in 2009, the proportion of households served by a collection network or skeptic tank linked to the sewage collection network (59.1%) practically did not alter in relation to 2008 (59.3%), although it had increased in absolute terms (from 34.1 million to 34.6 million, in the period). The North and Northeast regions kept the smallest bits of households covered by this service, with 13.5% (555 thousand households) and 33.7% (5.2 million), respectively.

 

Waste collection reached 88.6% of households (51.9 million) and had an increase of 0.7 percentage point in relation to 2008. In this same time interval, the percentage of households with electric lighting increased from 98.6% to 98.9% of total.

 

The North region has more households with motorcycles than with cars

 

In 2009, the proportion of households with automobiles was 37.4%, and with motorcycles, 16.2%. In comparison to 2008, both percentages had increases, of 1% and 1.5%, respectively. The North region presented a higher percentage of households with motorcycles than with cars (20.9% had motorcycles and 18.0%, cars), differently from the other regions.

 

There were also increases, from 2008 to 2009, in the proportion of households with durable goods like washing machines (from 41.5% to 44.3%), refrigerators (from 92.1% to 93.4%) and television sets (from 95.1% to 95.7%), a behavior observed since the 1990s. Investigated since 2008, the DVD was present in 72% of the households in 2009, a proportion 2.6 percentage points above that of the previous year.

 

Mobile telephony of personal use increased four times in five years

 

Access to telephony had an expressive evolution stimulated by the growth of cellular mobile telephony. From 2004 to 2009, households that had telephone changed from 65.2% to 84.3% of total, and the percentage of households that had only cellular mobile telephone increased four times, from 16.5% to 41.2%. The number of households in the country that had only conventional fixed telephone fell from 17.5% to 5.8% in these five years.

 

In 2009, 94 million people aged 10 or over (57.7%) declared to have mobile cell phones for personal use, what corresponds to an increase of 8.7% in relation to 2008 (7.6 million people). The North (49%) and Northeast (45.4%) regions continued to be the only ones where less than half the population had mobile cell phones for personal use, whereas the Central West was first place, with 68.5%. The percentage of people who had mobile cell phones for personal use was higher among those aged 20 to 39, surpassing 70%.

 

Southeast keeps the highest percentages of households with microcomputers and internet

 

In 2009, 35% of the households investigated in the whole country (20.3 million) had microcomputers, against 31.2% in 2008, and 27.4% (16 million) also had internet access, against 23.8% in 2008. The Southeast region remained above two national averages, 43.7% and 35.4%, respectively. The North (13.2% of households with computers) and Northeast (14.4%) regions still had the lowest proportions.

 

In one year, 12 million more people accessed the internet

 

In 2009, 67.9 million people aged 10 or over declared to have used the internet, what represents an increase of 12 million (21.5%) in relation to 2008. In 2005, the internet had 31.9 million users; the increase in the period was 112.9%, observed in all regions. The Southeast kept the highest percentage of users (48.1% in 2009 and 26.2% in 2005). The North (34.3% in 2009 and 12% in 2005) and Northeast (30.2% in 2009 and 11.9% in 2005) regions presented the lowest percentages in each year, but recorded the highest percentage increases in the contingents of users (respectively 213.9% and 171.2%).

 

Between 2005 and 2009, the percentage that used the internet was bigger among young people: 71.1% of those aged 15 to 17 accessed the net in 2009; followed by people aged 18 or 19 (68.7% access). The age group that least used the internet was that of 50 or over: 15.2%, but this contingent of users increased 138% in the period.

 

Women advanced more than men in relation to internet access, especially in the age groups of 30 to 39 (28.2% of women against 24.8% of men); from 40 to 49 (31.9% against 21.8%); and in the group aged 50 or over (46.1% against 35.5%).

 

PNAD draws a harmonized historical comparison from 1992 to 2009

 

PNAD drew a historical comparison considering the period from 1992 to 2009. For such, results were harmonized with the geographic coverage of PNAD that existed up to 2003, when the survey encompassed the whole country, except rural areas of Rondônia, Acre, Amazonas, Roraima, Pará and Amapá. The survey found reduced participation, between 1992 and 2009, of people from age groups 0 to 9 (from 22.1% to 15%) and 10 to 17 (from 18% to 14.4%), and increased proportion of people aged 40 to 59 (from 16.7% to 23.5%) and 60 or over (from 7.9% to 11.4%).

 

The employment level of people aged 10 or over was 57.5% in 1992 and recorded yearly alternate reductions and rises until 2003, when it was 55.4%. Between 2003 and 2006, the trend was upward. In 2008, the employment level was 57.5%, the highest since 1996, decreasing to 56.9% in 2009. Regarding the employment level of children aged 5 to 14, estimates presented reduction of the employed proportion. From 1992 to 2009, the employment level, for people aged 5 to 9 decreased from 3.7% to 0.7%, whereas for the group of 10 to 14, reduction was from 20.4% to 6.9%.

 

Between 1992 and 2009, the unemployment rate reached its lowest level in 1995 (6.1%), and achieved the highest level in 2003 (9.7%). The index changed between 1998 and 2005, from 9% to 9.7%. From 2006 (8.5%), a decline process began, being interrupted in 2009 (8.4%).

 

In 1992, 56.6% of the total employees (excluding household servants) had a formal contract. In 1999, it was the highest percentage, 53.4%. From 2002, there was growth of formal contracts, reaching 59.9% in 2009. This caused the increase of taxpayers for Social Security from 45.1% in 2002 to 54.1% in 2009.

 

The average monthly work income, between 1992 and 1996, presented real yearly gains, recording growth of 43.2%. In 1997 and 1998, declines of 1.1% (from 1996 to 1997) and 0.9% (from 1997 to 1998) were recorded. In 1999, the loss was 7% in relation to the previous year. From 2001 to 2004, the average yearly loss was 3.4%, with that from 2002 to 2003 being 7.4%. Since 2005, there was a real increase in all years. From 2005 to 2006, the gain was 7.2%, decelerating from 2006 to 2007 (3%) and from 2007 to 2008 (1.7%). In 2009 growth was 2.2% against 2008, with income of R$ 1,111.00. Comparing with 1992 (R$ 799.00), growth was 39% in 2009. Against 1996, when the highest work income (R$ 1,144.00) since 1992 was recorded, there was a real decrease of 2.9%.

 

The distribution of the employed population by group of activity has shown reduced participation of employed people in agriculture, which, in 1992, was 28.4%. Until 2006, this activity had the highest proportion of employed people, 18.8%. Since 2007, the activity trade and repair began to record the highest proportion of employed people, 18.1%. In 2009, the agricultural activity, manufacturing industry and trade and repair accounted for 16.3%, 13.9% and 18%, respectively.

 

The illiteracy rate among people aged 15 or over fell from 17.2% in 1992 to 9.6% in 2009. From 1995 to 2004, according to data from Unesco, the average illiteracy rate in South America was 9.3%, whereas in Brazil, according to PNAD, it was 13.2%. From 2005 to 2008, the average rate was 8.1% for South America and 10.3% for Brazil. Pursuant to these data, even if Brazil has recorded an average illiteracy rate superior to that of South America, in the second period this difference fell from 2.2 percentage points, being 3.9 percentage points from 1995 to 2004.

 

As to the existence of basic services in households, between 1992 and 2009, the highlights were the increased percentages of households served by a general network of water supply (from 73.3% to 85.3%), collection network or skeptic tank linked to the sewage collection network (from 46.4% to 60.0%) and waste collection (from 66.6% to 89.4%).

 

In the same period, the percentage of households with fixed or mobile telephone significantly increased (from 19% to 84.9%). However, from 2001, we may observe the reduced percentage of households with just a fixed conventional telephone (decline of 22 percentage points) and the increased percentage of households with just a mobile cell phone (rise of 33.5 percentage points).

 

Regarding the possession of durable goods, in 2009, estimates revealed the almost generalization of some items: stove (98.5% of households), refrigerator (93.9%) and television set (96%). In 2001, 12.6% of households had a microcomputer, reaching 35.1% in 2009. In the same period, the in the percentage of households that had a microcomputer with internet access increased from 8.5% to 27.7%.