Participation of women in the employed population had continuous increase  

There was steady increase of the participation of women in the employed population, in the seven years analyzed. In spite of this increase, women remained as a minority in the employed population, although they were the main presence in the active-age population (PIA). In 2009, women made up 45.1% of the employed population, which meant increase of 0.4 percentage points in relation to 2008 (44.7%). In 2003, female participation in the employed population was 43.0%, with a number of 8.0 million women. In 2009, when their participation in that population changed to 45.1%, the figure was 9.6 million women, representing increase of 20.4% in comparison with the period 2009-2003. Among men, on the same basis for comparison, participation increased by 10.7%.

 

The metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte was the one to have the biggest relative increase in the number of women in the employed population: from 848 thousand in 2003 to 1092 thousand in 2009, with increase of 28.7%. In Rio de Janeiro, this percentage was 10.9%, the lowest increase among the six metropolitan areas surveyed.

 

There was continuation of the trend to increase of the number of employed persons aged 50 years and over, which reached 20.9%, versus 19.9% in 2008. Compared to 2003, this age group had the biggest increase, 43.1%, followed by those aged 25 to 49, with increase of 12.9%.

 

Participation of workers with 11 or more years of schooling in labor force increased from 46.7% to 57.5%

 

In terms of schooling, there was continued increase of employment in the group with 11 or more years of schooling. It represented, in 2009, 57.5% of the persons employed, compared to the figures of 55.7% in 2008 and 46.7% in 2003. The metropolitan area of São Paulo had the biggest number of employed persons with this level of education in 2009, 59.6%. Compared to 2003, Porto Alegre was the only area to have increase below 10 percentage points of persons employed with 11 or more year of schooling.

 

Whereas the number of persons employed increased 0.7% between 2008 and 2009, the number of persons with higher education degrees who were employed increased 5.8%. Compared to 2003, these changes were 14.9% and 42.2%, respectively, of the employed population and of the employed population with higher education. In 2009, 17.1% of the employed population had higher education in the group of six metropolitan areas. This percentage reached 19.0% in Rio de Janeiro, and 18.6% in São Paulo. In Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre, Salvador and Recife were 14.7%, 14.0%, 13.1% and 12.9%, respectively. The following tables summarize the figures relative to the employed population with a higher education degree. 

 

In spite of the predominance of the head of the household among the employed – 48.1% since 2007 – is possible to observe, throughout these seven years, increase of the partner’s participation in this population.

 

In 2009, the partner represented 23.0%, compared to 21.6% in 2003; the biggest increase occurred in São Paulo, 1.7 percentage points.

 

In 2009, 66.8% of the workers contributed to social security, versus 61.2% in 2003

 

The percentage of workers who contributed to social security reached 66.8% in 2009, the highest figure since 2003. There was increase in 2009, with 14.2 million persons, versus 13.9 million in 2008. In 2008-2007, this figure changed by 5.9%. In relation to 2003 the increase of the number of persons employed reached 41.4% in Belo Horizonte, 33.2% in Salvador, 19.7% in Porto Alegre and 15.5% in Rio de Janeiro.

  

In seven years, participation of workers with a formal contract in the employed population increased from 49.0% to 54.2%

 

Results reflect the gradual and continuous increase, since 2004, of the participation of workers with a formal contract in the private sector, which reached 44.7% of the persons employed. In 2009, the metropolitan area of São Paulo kept its biggest proportion in this category among the persons employed (47.9%), with lowest proportions in Recife and Salvador, both with 39.8%. Among persons with a formal contract in the private sector, military or civil servants and those persons with a formal contracted signed in the public sector, it was observed that this group of workers made up 54.2% of the personnel employed in 2009 in the group of six metropolitan areas, versus 49.0% in 2003.

 

Services rendered to enterprises had the biggest increase among al groups of activity: 30.6%

 

Results show that in 2009, there was still (little) increase of employment in Services rendered to enterprises, rents, real estate and financial mediation, in such a way that the participation of persons employed in this group, compared to the overall employed population, increased from 15.1% in 2008 to 15.3% in 2009. In relation to estimates in 2003, this group had the biggest increase in terms of number of persons (30.6%), which corresponds to increase of employed population in the same period (14.9%).

 

In domestic services (1,652 thousand persons), which accounted for 7.8% of the employed population, there was increase of the number of persons in relation to 2008 (1.1%) and in relation to 2003 (17.8%).

 

From 2003 to 2009, the following groups presented increase below the average of the employed population:  mining and quarrying industry, manufacturing industry and distribution of electricity, gas and water (8.3%), construction (12.2%), trade, repair of automotive vehicles and of personal and domestic objects and retail trade of fuels (9.4%). And more similar increases to the number of persons employed, the highlights were education, health, social services, public administration, defense and social security (17.3%) and other services (15.4%).

 

In seven years, average annual figure for the employed population fell by 28.2%

 

 

The average monthly annual figure for the employed population (average from January to December) of the unemployed population, in the six metropolitan areas surveyed by the Monthly Employment Survey (1.9 million persons) was above (3.3%) the average of 2008. Compared to 2003, there was decrease of 28.2% or 736 thousand persons.  

 

* VERSION RELEASED AT 7: 20 PM DUE TO THE COORRECTION OF THE REWEIGHED DATABASE CORRESPONDING TO THE PERIOD 2003-2008

 

In seven years, the annual figure for average unemployed population has fallen by 28.2%, which corresponds to 736 thousand persons not looking for a job. The annual average unemployment rate estimated for 2009 was 8.1%, slightly above that of 2008, but below the figures registered in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007: 12.4%, 11.5%, 9.9%, 10.0% and 9.3%, respectively. From 2003 to 2009, the employed population in the group of six metropolitan areas covered by IBGE’s Monthly Employment Survey increased 14.9%, and the participation of women in this segment had continuous increase, changing from 43.0% to 45.1%, or 9.6 million workers. Their participation accounted for the biggest increase in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre . Workers’ level of schooling rose significantly in this seven-year period analyzed: the level of participation of workers with 11 or more years of schooling in the work force of the six areas rose 10.8 percentage points, changing from  46.7% to 57.5% .The percentage of employed persons who contributed to social security in 2009 reached 66.8%, the highest since 2003 (61.2%). This number of taxpayers rose 24.3% compared to the figure in 2003.

 

Results relative to work force by group of activity show that Services rendered to enterprises had the biggest increase: 30.6 or 761thousand workers more, between 2003 and 2009. The groups with lowest income had the biggest percent rises in annual average income, for example, Domestic work (26.8%)and Construction (17.3%).

 

From 2003 to 2009, the annual average real income received by workers increased 14.3%, and that of workers with a formal employment contract, did by 7.3%. The average real income of working women remained representing a little above 70% of the amount received by men in this period.

In the analysis by color or race, the annual average income of black or brown persons increased more than that of white ones: 15.3%, versus 22.3%, in seven years. However, on average, black or brown workers earned a little over than half of (51.4%) the amount received by white ones. The income earned by workers with a higher education level, the annual average of which was R$ 3,445.06 in 2009, had real rise of 0.9%. See below the main highlights of the evolution of job market between 2003 and 2009, according to IBGE’s Monthly Employment Survey.

In 2009, the monthly average number of persons employed in the six metropolitan areas surveyed from January to December reached 21.3 million. In 2008, there were 21.1 million persons employed, so there has been increase by 0.7% in relation to 2008. Such increase was preceded by the major annual increase, in the comparison 2008-2007, when there was change of 3.4%. The metropolitan population of Porto Alegre was the only one to present decrease in comparison with the 2008 figure, 0.8%.  In the other areas, there was increase of population in the year, by 2.3% in Recife; 3.1% in Salvador; 1.1% in Belo Horizonte; 0.2% in Rio de Janeiro and 0.6% in São Paulo.

Compared to year 2003, the employed population in 2009 got 14.9% bigger, with increase of 23.8% and 24.2%, respectively, in Salvador and Belo Horizonte.

In almost all the months of 2009, there was growth of the unemployed population in relation to equivalent months in 2008 (except February, July and November), considering that the biggest increase occurred in the May/May comparison, where there was two-digit percent increase (13.0%). 

Compared to figures in 2008, Recife, Salvador and São Paulo had increase of the average number of unemployed persons (9.8%, 1.6% and 10.6%, respectively), whereas the metropolitan areas of Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre faced decrease (-10.1% and -6.4%, respectively). Compared to 2003, all the metropolitan areas faced decrease of the average number of unemployed persons; the most significant figure was that of Porto Alegre (-36.8%).

 

Considering only persons with higher education, it was possible to observe increase of the total average number of unemployed persons in the group of areas surveyed from 2008 to 2009 was 20.6%.

 

In 2009, average monthly unemployment rate was 8.1%

The average monthly rate estimated for the group of six metropolitan areas, in 2009, was slightly above that of 2008 (7.9%) but below those in previous years: 12.4%, 11.5%, 9.9%, 10.0%, 9.3%, respectively, in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007. In relation to 2008, the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte did not present significant change in the average monthly unemployment rate (6.5% in 2008 and 6.4% in 2009); the same was observed in the metropolitan area of Salvador, whose rates were 11.5% in 2008 and 11.3% in 2009.

In 2009, the overall unemployment rate among women did not present any significant change (9.9%) in relation to 2008 (10.0%). The male population, on the other hand, presented slight increase of the indicator in the period (from 6.1% to 6.5%) as a result of the status of the Metropolitan area of São Paulo, the only one to have significant increase (from 6.6% to 7.7%). 

 

In 2009, the average of monthly unemployment rate estimates of persons who declared to be head of the household was estimated as 4.5%. In 2003, this rate was 7.2%, with decrease of 2.7 percentage points. For other family members, the rate was more reduced in this same period, from 16.9% in 2003 to 11.2% in 2009, resulting in decrease by 5.7 percentage points. It is worth mentioning that, in spite of the comparison 2003-2009, decrease of unemployment rate has been most significant among those who declared to be another member of the family. Among persons classified as head of the household there were the lowest unemployment rates in all years from 2003 to 2009.

 

In relation to 2003, all the metropolitan areas had the same behavior as observed in the group of six metropolitan areas, that is, decrease of unemployment rate, according to the person’s status in the family.

 

From 2003 to 2009, the average annual real income of workers increased 14.3%

 

In seven years there was significant increase (14.3%, or about R$ 168.43) in the annual average of the monthly income received by the employed population in the group of six metropolitan areas surveyed. All the metropolitan areas had increases in the annual average, in the period. The highlights were Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro and Salvador, where recovery was about 19.0%.

 

Despite the visible recovery of income of the employed population in the period, purchasing power has not recovered to the same level as in 2002*. In the second semester of 2009, the average real income (R$ 1,350.73) was 1.2% above that of the same period in 2002 (R$ 1,335.29).

 

Annual average of the real income earned by workers with a formal contract increased 7.3%

 

By analyzing the annual averages of the monthly income of all categories of position in the occupation, there was a scenario of recovery which remained in practically all the metropolitan areas, with only some exceptions. Workers with a formal employment contract had recovery of 7.3%. For workers without a formal contract, recovery reached 18.8%. For employers, recovery in the period 2003-2009 was 15.6%. The categories of military or civil servants and of own-account workers, had the major increases of income:  22.5% and 21.1%, in this same order.

 

In a summary of the status of worker’s income, and considering the groups of activity in the last seven years (from 2003 to 2009), it was possible to see that all of them had significant recovery of income in relation to 2003 in the group of six areas surveyed. In relative terms, the group of domestic services was the one to present the biggest increase, 26.8%. In mining and quarrying industry, manufacturing industry and distribution of electricity, gas and water, there was gain of 15.8%. By area, almost all the metropolitan areas presented increase above 10.0% in this group, except the metropolitan area of Recife (7.5%).

  

In the group construction, the metropolitan area of Recife was the only one not to recover the real value of income in relation to 2003. In the groups of trade, repair of automotive vehicles and of personal and domestic objects and retail trade of fuels, and of services rendered to enterprises, rents, real estate activities and financial mediation, there was recovery in all areas, but Recife. In education, health, social services, public administration, defense and social security, there was increase of income in all the areas surveyed. In the group of domestic services, there was increase in all the areas surveyed, mainly in the Northeast, where the increase surpassed 35.0%. For the income of workers involved in activities relative to other services (lodging and feeding, transportation, storage and communications, urban cleaning, associate, recreational cultural and sports activities and personal services), there was increase in al the areas.

 

Average real income of workers represents a little over 70% than that of men

 

The income received by women, estimated as R$ 1,097.93, remains below that received by men (R$ 1,518.31). In 2009, comparing the annual average of income received by men and women, it was observed that, on average, women make about 72.3% of the amount made by men. Table 101 shows that this difference has not changed since the beginning of this series.

 

The annual average of the real income earned by men in 2009 increased 7.9%, a lower change than among women (9.8%). In five metropolitan areas, the change of income among women, from 2008 to 2009, was superior to that of men. The exception was Porto Alegre, where there was the opposite movement.

Employed population with higher education increased 36.5% in terms of income

 

The annual average of the monthly income received by workers with higher education level (R$ 3,392.32) increased 36.5% in seven years (from 2003 to 2009).

 

Tables 103 and 104 of the study show figures and changes of the monthly income received by the employed population with higher education level, by metropolitan areas surveyed.

 

Groups with the lowest income had the biggest percent increases in the period

 

By analyzing income by group of activity, it is possible to see that all of them had rise of purchasing power. In terms of percentage, the groups with the biggest increases were those receiving the lowest income. In the group Domestic services, from 2003 to 2009, there was increase of 26.8% in the average annual real income. Another highlight was construction (mainly formed by masons), which presented increase of 17.3% between 2003 and 2009.

 

Annual average income of black and brown workers increased more than that of white ones

 

The annual average income of black or Brown workers, estimated as R$ 882.42, remains below that of White workers (R$ 1,716.44). In 2009, in the comparison of annual averages of income received by black or brown workers, it was observed that, on average, the latter made a little more than half (51.4%) of the income received by white workers. This relationship has not changed since the beginning of the survey series.                                                                                                                                                                                                    Whereas the annual average of the monthly income received by White workers, in 2009, increased 15.3%, in relation to 2003; the annual average of black or brown workers increased 22.3% in the same period.

 

Household income per capita

 

The annual average monthly household income per capita was estimated as R$ 878.09, for the group of six metropolitan areas surveyed in 2009, and presented change of 3.7 in relation to 2008. In the period 2003-2009, there was increase of 23.3%.

 

The metropolitan areas of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre had average household income per capita above two minimum wages in 2009. Salvador teve o maior crescimento anual, 5,5% e  Recife apresentou um rendimento médio domiciliar per capita pouco superior a um salário mínimo (R$ 494,53).

 

By analyzing year 2009 and making a comparison with 2003, we see that the annual average real income per capita increased 23.3% in the group of six metropolitan areas surveyed. In Belo Horizonte, increase reached 30.4%, followed by the metropolitan areas of São Paulo (25.2%) and Rio de Janeiro (25.0%), Porto Alegre (23.6%) and Salvador (23.4%). Recife had the lowest change, 5.3%.