This percentage (50.7%) was obtained for the first time since the last decade, due to the increase in the number of workers with a formal contract: in 2007 they were 32.0 million ...

 

 

 

 

This percentage (50.7%) was obtained for the first time since the last decade, due to the increase in the number of workers with a formal contract: in 2007 they were 32.0 million, or 6.1 % more than in the previous year, and reached the major participation in the employed population (35.3%) since the beginning of the series of the PNAD.   The employed population totaled 90.8 million and increased by 1.6% in relation to 2006. In this period, the number of unemployed persons fell by 1.8% and the unemployment rate decreased from 8.4% to 8.2%.

 

The real average income of workers, R$ 956.00, increased by 3.2% in relation to 2006.   This index reached its major level since 1999, but still was 5.0% below the average income obtained by workers in 1997 (R$ 1,011.00).

 

Also for the first time, more than half of the 56.3 million Brazilian households were included in the sewage system, 2.4 million units more than in the previous year.  The use of basic services and the ownership of the main goods increased, but the highlights were telephone – found in 77.0% of the households (or 43.4 million units) and the personal computers – found in 15  million households (or 26.6%), with 11.4 million (20.2%) with access to internet.  Since 2002, the number of households with mobile telephone is increasing more than 15% per year.

 

The PNAD 2007 also showed that there were 4.8 million children and teenagers working in Brazil. They represented 10.8% of the persons from 5 to 17 years old in 2007, slightly less than the value of 11.5% of the previous year.  In 2007, almost one-third (30.5%) of the children and teenagers from 5 to 17 years old worked at least 40 weekly hours, and one-fifth (19.8%) lived in households with income per capita less than ¼ of the minimum wage.

 

It is evident the negative influence of child labor when school enrollment is analyzed ¹ : between 2006 and 2007, in the group of children and teenagers from 5 to 17 years old it increased, (from 93.5% to 94%), but among the children in this age group which worked, the rate fell from 81.0% to 80.0%.

 

From 2006 to 2007, the illiteracy rate changed from 10.4% to 10.0% of the population with 15 years old or more, which represented approximately 14.1 million illiterates.  In 2007, on the other hand, 70.1% children from 4 to 5 years old were enrolled in pre-school or school, an increase of 2.5 percentage points in relation to 2006.  In the same period, the number of higher education students increased by 251 thousand persons.

 

In the 2007 National Sample Household Survey approximately 400 thousand persons in almost 148 thousand households in all the country were surveyed, focusing on seven topics: population general data, migration, education, labor, family, households and income.  Below we may find the main information.

 

 

Number of unemployed persons fell by 1.8% between 2006 and 2007

 

In 2007, there were in Brazil 159 million persons in active age (10 years old or more), 2.0% more than in 2006.  Among these persons, 62.0% were economically active, which means, were part of the labor market, with 57.0% employed and 5.1%, unemployed.  In 2006, the labor force participation rate was estimated in 62.4%, with 57.2% employed and 5.3% unemployed.

 

Although the level of employment ²  registered a slow reduction from one year to the next one – due to the major growth of the population in active age than the employed population –, the total employed population increased by 1.6%, totaling 90.8 million persons in 2007.  The level of employment for men (68.0%) continued higher than for women (46.7%).

 

Besides the low decrease in the level of unemployment ³ between 2006 and 2007, the number of unemployed persons also decreased, from 8.2 million to 8.1 million persons (-1.8%).  The unemployment rate ⁴ was 8.2% in 2007 (in 2006, it had been 8.4%), being lower for men (6.1%) than for women (10.8%).

 

Between 2006 and 2007, the total unemployed persons increased in all the regions, standing out the Central West (4.2%), with influence in the level of employment of this region, only one to register increase in this index, from 57.8%, in 2006, to 59.1%, in 2007.  In the South (62.4%) and Southeast (56.1%), there was no change in the level of employment from one year to the next one; while in the Northeast (55.1%) and North (55.5%), the rate had decreases estimated of 0.6 and 1.1 percentage points, respectively.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

While in the Southeast (-5.1%) and South (-1.3%) there were decreases in the number of unemployed persons, in the other ones there was growth, especially the North (11.4%).  The increase was more moderate in the Northeast (0.4%) and in the Central West (0.8%).  In the South, the lowest rate of unemployment was recorded (5.8%); and in the Southeast the highest one (9.0%).  In relation to 2006, the rate of unemployment in the Northeast did not change (8.2%), in the North there was hike (from 7.1% to 7.8%), and there was decrease in the Southeast (from 9.6% to 9.0%), South (from 6.0% to 5.8%) and Central West (from 8.4% to 8.1%).

 

Group of employed persons with more than 40 years old was the one that most increased

 

By age group, the employed population was distributed in the following way in 2007:  from 10 to 14 years  old, 1.8%; from 15 to 19 years old, 7.4%; from 20 to 24 years old, 12.4%; from 25 to 39 years old, 37.7%; from 40 to 59 years old, 34.1%  and from 60 years old and over, 6.6%.  In relation to 2006, the age groups from 40 to 49 years old (3.8%) and from 50 to 59 years old (2.8%) were the ones which most increased.  On the other hand, the employed population from 10 to 14 years old and from 15 to 17 years old decreased respectively by 7.1% and 2.6%.

 

The number of schooled employed persons increased

In 2007, the schooled employed population was greater than in 2006.  For the employed persons without instruction and with less than 1 year of schooling and for the groups with 1 to 3 years and 4 to 7 years of schooling, there were reductions (-1.5%, -2.4% and -4.2%, respectively).  The employed population with 8 to 10 years of schooling increased by 5.4%, and the one with 11 years or more of schooling by 5.9%.

This increase of schooling was observed in all the great regions and for both sexes, although in the Northeast region, 16.8% of the employed persons had not completed a year of school.

 

In the employed population, 39.1% had 11 years or more of schooling; 17.2%, from 8 to 10 years of schooling; 24.7%, from 4 to 7 years of schooling; 10.3%, from 1 to 3 years of schooling; and 8.4% were in the group without instruction and less than 1 year of schooling.

 

If in relation to the total population with 10 years or more of schooling, the employed population had a major proportion of persons with more than 11 years of schooling (39.1% compared to 30.1%), between women this percentage was higher: 45.7% of employed persons compared to 32.0% of the total.  The average number of years of schooling also was higher, in 2007, for the employed population (7.7 years) than for persons with 10 years or more (6.9 years), difference which increased more in the female population.  The employed women had, on the average, 8.3 years of schooling, while for those in active age the average was 7.1 years.

 

 

Number of employed persons in agriculture only increased in the Central West

In Brazil, the agricultural activity had reduction of 4.0% in the number of employed persons, changing from 17.2 million persons in 2006 (19.3% of the total employed) to 16.6 million persons in 2007 (18.3%). Only in the Central West there was no reduction in this group, which increased by 4.0%.

 

The number of employed persons in industry reached 13.8 million persons in September 2007, 4.6% above the value of 2006.  All the regions had growth with the exception of the North.  In Brazil, this group answered for 15.3% of the employed population. Construction also had increase of 4.6% in the number of employed persons and corresponded to 6.7% of the employed population, in 2007, in the country.  Increase of this total was observed in all the great regions.

 

In trade and repairing, in September 2007, 16.3 million workers were employed, 18.0% of the employed population.  In relation to 2006, there was increase of 3.6%, and all the regions brought increases. Finally services employed 37.7 million persons in 2007, 1.9% more than in 2006.  The domestic service, included in this group, corresponded to 7.4% of the workers.

 

 

35.3% of workers had a formal contract

 

In 2007, 35.3% of the Brazilian workers had a formal contract, totaling 32.0 million persons.  In 2005 this percentage had been 33.1% and increased to 33.8% in 2006.  The five major regions had growth in this index, especially the Northeast, which had increase of 8.5% in the number of employed persons with a formal contract - in Brazil as a whole, this increase was 6.1%.

 

Military and statutory public servants represented 6.8% of the employed population in 2007, which corresponded to 6.2 million persons (5.0% more than in 2006).

 

Despite the decrease (-0.7%) in the number of employed persons without a formal contract (including household workers), they were 20.6 million, or 22.7% of the total employed persons, in 2007.  The North and South Regions did not follow the trend of decrease.  In the North there was growth of 3.1% in the total of hired persons without formal contract, and in the South, 3.7%.

 

The number of own-account workers (19.2 million) increased slightly (1.5%) in relation to 2006, but was stable in terms of participation in the total employed, 21.2%.  The North and Northeast Regions brought the major proportion of employed persons in this category (25%).  The total of non-remunerated workers (5.3 million) in 2007 fell by 1.7% in relation to 2006.  Also fell the participation of workers in the population employed, from 6.0% in 2006 to 5.8% in 2007.

 

 

Employment increased, but did not reach the level of the beginning of the nineties yet

According to the data of the time series harmonized ⁵ , from 1996 to 2007, the level of employment changed from 55.1% to 56.9%, showing a recovery in the last years, but not reaching the percentages of the beginning of the decade of 1990 (almost 57.5% up to 1995).  For men, the trend was of decrease in this index (from 72.4%, in 1992, to 67.8% in 2007); and for women of increase (from 43.4% to 46.7% in this period).

 

Between 1997 and 2007, there was reduction in the level of employment for the groups up to 20 years old or with 60 years old or more, while for the age groups between 20 and 59 years old, the level of employment increased in the period.

 

Between 1997 and 2007, the group of activities of services continued with the major number of employed persons (37.9% in 1997 and 42.0% in 2007).  Among this group, the household service corresponded in 2007 to 7.5% of the employed persons, percentage similar to the one of 1997 (7.6%).

 

The percentage of persons working in trade and repair changed from 15.9% to 18.2% in this period.  The group of employed persons in the agricultural activity changed from 24.4% in 1997 to 17.5% in 2007 – reduction which was more significant among women.  In industry, the percentage of employed persons changed from 14.6% to 15.3%, between 1997 and 2007, while in construction, the percentage changed from 6.9% to 6.8%.

 

In ten years, the proportion of employees in the employed population increased from 52.1% to 57.9%, a growth which was higher among those with a formal contract: from 28.7%, in 1997 to 33.7%, in 2007.  There was decrease in the participation of own-account workers and of employers in the employed population in the period, from 22.7% to 21.0% and from 4.0% to 3.8%, respectively.  The percentage of workers in the production for own consumption, which represented in 2007, 4.2% of the employed population, almost did not change in the last years, while the percentage of non-remunerated workers fell from 9.0% to 5.5% in this same period.

 

 

 

For the 1st time since the 1990’s, the majority of workers contributed for Social Security

 

In 2007, 46.1 million workers contributed for the institute of Social Security.  In relation to 2006, an increase of 5.7% was recorded in this total: from 48.8%, to 50.7% in 2007.  In all the regions a growth of the proportion of contributors for Social Security was registered. The major percentage was observed in the Southeast (61.6%), and the lowest (32.1%), in the Northeast. 

 

In 2007, there were 16.0 million persons associated to syndicates, a number which fell by 3.3% in relation to 2006.  The syndicated persons were, in 2006, 18.6% of the employed population, proportion which fell to 17.7% in 2007.  The South Region had the major percentage of syndicated persons (21.2%); and the North, the lowest (13.3%).

 

During the last ten years, the proportion of workers which contributed to Social Security in the main work increased from 42.6% in 1997 to 51.1% in 2007.  For the first time, since the beginning of the nineties, this percentage was above 50%.

 

The proportion of syndicated workers also increased in ten years, from 16.2%, in 1997, to 17.6%, in 2007. There was a significant increase of syndicated workers in the agricultural activities.  In the manufacturing industry a small reduction was observed: ten years before the percentage was 21.0% and in 2007, 20.3%.

 

 

Income of work increased by 3.3% in relation to 2006

 

The average real monthly income of employed persons 10 years old or more (and with work income) increased for the third consecutive year and reached R$ 956.00.  The real increase of 3.2% observed from 2006 to 2007, however, was less than the values from 2005 to 2006 (7.2%) and from 2004 to 2005 (4.5%). This way the growth accumulated since 2004 (R$ 827.00) was 15.7%.

 

In relation to 2006, the major growing rates were in the Central West (8.0%) and North (5.7%).  In the Northeast, South and Southeast, the rates were 2.2%, 3.8% and 1.9%, respectively.  In 2007, the lowest average real income of employed persons was observed in the Northeast (R$ 606.00) and the major value in the Central West (R$ 1,139.00).

 

Inequality of income decreased but continued

 

Between 2004 and 2007, there were successive reductions in the Gini index, in the country (0.547, in 2004; 0.543, in 2005; 0.540, in 2006; and 0.528, in 2007).  Between 2006 and 2007, there was stability in the North (0.495 to 0.493); there was decrease in the Northeast (from 0.565 to 0.547), in the Southeast (0.523 to 0.505), and in the South (0.502 to 0.494).  The Central West had increase in the concentration, from 0.541 to 0.551. These results had a low influence.  In 2007, the 10% of the employed population with the lowest income had 1.1% of the total work income, while the 10% with the highest income earned 43.2%, demonstrating that the income concentration continues.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

All the employment position categories had real gains, for the second consecutive year.  From 2006 to 2007, the average income of employees with a formal contract increased by 1.8%, of military and statutory servants by 2.3%, of those without a formal contract by 5.2%, of household workers by 4.8%, of own-account workers by 17.0%, and of employers by 0.4%. 

 

In 2007, the average real income of women in all categories of work corresponded to 66.1% of the one of men.  However the average income of men and women are closer than in the previous years (65.6% in 2006, 64.5% in 2005 and 63.5% in 2004).

 

 

In relation to 2006, the income of all sources increased by 2.7%

 

 

The average real income of all sources (persons 10 years old or more with income) increased by 14.8% between 2004 and 2007, with gains of 5.1%, from 2004 to 2005, 6.1%, from 2005 to 2006, and 2.7%, from 2006 to 2007. The average real values in these four years were R$ 820.00, R$ 862.00, R$ 916.00 and R$ 941.00, respectively.

 

The real gains in the average incomes from all sources for the lowest classes of income were, in general, above the ones observed in the highest classes of income.  The lowest half of the distribution of income of all sources had, in 2004, 15.2% of the total; in 2005, 15.8%; in 2006, 16.1%; and in 2007, 16.8%.  These results and the evolution of the Gini index showed a moderate reduction in the concentration figures.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Household income increased by 1.5% in relation to 2006

 

 

The average real income of permanent private households with income was R$ 1,567.00 in 2004, R$ 1,645.00 in 2005, R$ 1,770.00 in 2006 and R$ 1,796.00, in 2007, with real gains during three consecutive years: 5.0% in 2005, 7.6% in 2006 and 1.5% in 2007.  In this last period, with the exception of the Southeast, where there was stability (from R$ 2,089.00 to R$ 2,086.00), the household income increased in the other regions.  The highest change (6.1%) was in the Central West and the lowest (1.9%) in the Northeast.  In the North, the real gain of the average household income corresponded to 3.8% and in the South to 3.2%.

 

The regional inequality in the household income increased: the lowest income (R$ 1,164.00 in the Northeast) corresponded to 55.8% of the highest one (R$ 2,086.00 in the Southeast) in 2007, compared to 54.7% in 2006 and 52.8% in 2005.  Besides this, in 2007, in the Country, 12.6% of the total households had income up to 1 minimum wage.  This group corresponded to 25.0% in the Northeast, compared to 7.5% in the Southeast and 7.3% in the South.  In the North and Central West Regions, these percentages were 15.0% and 10.4%, respectively.
          

 

 

Work income is the highest since 1999, but still lower than in 1997

 

 

The level of real average income of work for 1997 was not restarted, although gains occurred, especially, in the most recent period (2004 to 2007).  In 2007, the monthly real average income of employed persons and with income (R$ 960.00) was higher than the one of 1999 (R$ 932.00), but had loss of 6.0% in relation to 1997 (R$ 1,011.00).

 

 

 

 

 

 

For the first time, more than half of households are connected to sewage system

 

In 2007, the Pnad estimated 56.345 million private permanent households in the country, 1.735 million units more than in the previous year.  The quantity of own households increased by 0.7 percentage points, standing out the percentage of discharged own households (69.8%), which increased in all regions.  In the Southeast there occurred the highest increase of units (665 thousand) and the North Region brought the major percentage increase:  2.8 percentage points in relation to the previous year.  Also, the North Region brings the major part of discharged own households (79.3%).

 

In relation to 2006, there was a slight reduction in the North Region regarding the average number of residents in households (from 4.0 to 3.9).  In the South and Central West there also were decreases of 0.1 percentage points, bringing averages of 3.1 and 3.2 residents by households, respectively.  The Northeast and Southeast continued stable.

 

 

 

 

 

 

The percentage of households connected to the general water supply system (83.3%) increased by 0.1 percentage points (or more 1.498 million units) in relation to 2006.  The evolution in the Central West stood out with increase of 1.2%.  However, North and Southeast reduced the proportion of households supplied with 0.2 and 0.3 percentage points, respectively.

 

 

The participation of households in the general sewage system increased by 2.8 percentage points and this way, Brazil has more than half (51.3%) of the households supplied by the general sewage system.  In the North Region, the quantity of households connected to the sewage system more than doubled from 2006 to 2007, changing from 186 thousand to 381 thousand.  Even so, this region continued with the lowest figure of households in the sewage system (9.8%).  In 2007, the Southeast had 19.961 million households supplied with the sewage system (compared to 18.834 million in the previous year) and continued as the only region with a percentage higher (79.4%) than the total Brazil.   The Northeast registered the major reduction in the number of households without sewage disposal or septic tank, (less 693 thousand, or decrease of 6.6 percentage points) but continued with the major number of households in this condition (6.405 million).

 

 

After a growth of 0.9 percentage points in relation to the previous year, 87.5% of households have the service of refuse disposal.  All the regions of Brazil contributed for this increase, and the Northeast and Southeast Regions brought the major contributions in absolute values, 496 and 693 thousand units, respectively. The Northeast, even with an increase of 1.1 percentage points in this index, continued with the lowest index of households with refuse disposal.

 

 

 

Electricity reached 98.2% of the households in the country

 

 

The supply of electricity was the public service which has the major range in the country.  With the expansion of 0.5 percentage points since 2006, 98.2% households of the country had this service in 2007.

 

 

Even with the increase of 2.0 percentage points in the proportion of electricity, the North continues with the lowest coverage:  94.0% of households.  In the Southeast and South electricity was not supplied to 0.2% and 0.5% of households, respectively.

 

The supply of telephone increased considerably, once more, mainly due to mobile telephones.  From 2006 to 2007, more 2.7 million households had some type of telephones and, with mobile telephone, the increase was 2.680 million.  With a change of 2.5 percentage points, 77.0% of the Brazilian households (43,379 thousand units) had some type of telephone.  The number of households only with mobile telephone reached 17.814 million (or 31.6% of the total), an increase of 3.9 percentage points in relation to the previous year.   The North and Northeast regions brought the major relative increases in the percentages of households with telephone.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Among the 56,345 thousand Brazilian households, 15 million (26.6%) had personal computers, with 11.4 million (20.2%) with access to Internet.  More than half of households with computer (8.8 million) are in the Southeast, and 6.896 million have access to internet.  The Southeast has 27.4% of its households connected to Internet; the South, 24%; Central West, 18.4%; the Northeast, 8.8%; and North, 8.2%.

 

 

 

Since 2002, the number of households is growing more than 15% per year

 

 

In 2007, after increasing by 3.2% in relation to the previous year, the country surpassed the number of 55.6 million households.  There were improvements in almost all the goods and services surveyed, such as electricity, telephone, water supply, basic sanitation and refuse disposal.

 

More than half of the households (52.0% in the harmonized datum) were connected to the sanitary sewage system, an increase of: 5.5 percentage points in relation to 2002; 11.2 percentage points in relation to 1997 and 13.1 percentage points in relation to 1992.  In 2007, 28.9 million were connected to the sewage system, compared to 22.3 million in 2002.  Since 1997, the percentage of households connected to refuse disposal increased by 12.1 percentage points.

 

It is worth mentioning the increase in the number of households with telephone: 43.1 million (77.7% of households) in 2007, compared to 29.6 million (61.7%) in 2002.  The most present items continue to be the stove, found in 98.2% of the households, television (94.8%) and refrigerator (91.4%).

 

It was great the increase of households with mobile telephone.  Since 2002 its growth is above 15% per year and the record was between 2003 and 2004: 51.4%.  In 2007, the variation of households only with mobile telephone was 17.8% in relation to 2006, reaching 17.6 million households.

 

According to the 2007 PNAD, more than one-fourth of households had personal computer, and slightly more than one-fifth, personal computer with access to Internet.  There were personal computers in 15.0 million households, with 11.4 million with access to Internet.  This increase was significant in relation to 2001, when 6.0 million households had personal computers, with 4.0 million with access to Internet.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Goods such as water filter and freezer decreased in the Brazilian households, in relation to 1997.  The percentage of households which had water filter decreased from 57.2% in 1997 to 51.4% in 2007.  Households with freezers in 1997 were 18.8%, compared to 16.2% in 2007.

 

4.8 million Brazilian from 5 to 17 years old were working in 2007

 

 

There was reduction in child labor ⁶ in the country according to PNAD 2007.  The proportion of children and teenagers between 5 and 17 years old who worked fell from 11.5%, in 2006, to 10.8%, in 2007.  This means from a total of 44.7 million persons in this age group, the reduction was from 5.1 million to 4.8 million of workers (approximately 300 thousand less employed).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The Northeast concentrated, in absolute numbers, the major number of working children and teenagers (1.8 million) while the South, with 13.6% of level of employment, had the major percentage of children and teenagers working in relation to the total children and youth of that region. The North and Northeast brought the major reductions in the percentages of child labor.  Despite the figures regarding the reductions in child labor, which changed from 19.6% to 10.8%, in the period 1992/2007, the PNAD 2007 showed that there exists however a high number of children and teenagers working.

 

The PNAD 2007 brought a profile of child work: 39.3% of children and teenagers were in agricultural activities; prevailed among them males (65.7%); of black and brown color (59.5%); and the majority (71.7%) lived in households without income or average income up to one minimum salary.

 

In the age group from 5 to 13 years old in which child work is considered illegal, the survey showed that in the country there were 1.2 million children and teenagers working, mainly (60.0%) in agricultural activities.  The result represented a decrease from 4.5% to 4.0% in this age group.

 

 

 

 

 

 

With the objective of understanding better the characteristics of illegal child labor, the analysis of the survey pointed out two age groups: from 5 to 9 years old and from 10 to 13 years old.  In the first group there were 157 thousand children, the majority working in agricultural activities (116 thousand); belonged to the masculine sex (70.0%), color black or brown (69.6%) and lived in households with average income per capita around R$ 189.00.  In the group from 10 to 13 years old (1.1 million children and teenagers working), 632 thousand worked in agricultural activities, the majority (67.4%) were of the masculine sex, of black and brown color (65,1%) and lived in households with household average income per capita of approximately R$ 229.00.

 

In the North (from 6.1% to 5.1%) and Northeast (from 7.3% to 6.5%), the level of employment in the age group from 5 to 13 years old diminished approximately one percentage point in 2007 compared to 2006.  In the age group from 14 to 17 years old, more significant reductions were observed: in the North it fell from 27.4% to 26.1%, in the Northeast from 30.3% to 28.9% and in the Southeast from 22.3% to 21.8%, in this period.  In the South and Central West no significant changes were observed.  In the five areas, the level of employment of children and teenagers males was higher than that of females, in all the age groups.

 

In relation to the age group from 14 to 15 years old, group in which the work is allowed by law in the condition of apprentice, there were 1.3 million employed teenagers, even with decrease in the level of employment from 19.0%, in 2006, to 18.1%, in 2007. Approximately 521 thousand teenagers were employed in agricultural activities.  This labor force was formed mainly by males (67.7%), black or brown color (60.9%), and living in households with average household income per capita of approximately R$ 275.00.

 

In the group of teenagers from 16 and 17 years old who according to the legislation may work in activities which are not nocturnal, dangerous and unhealthy, approximately 2.3 million were employed.  The level of employment in this age group was stable in 34.7%, in 2006/2007.  Approximately 636 thousand teenagers were employed in agricultural activities.  The profile of these teenage workers reproduced the one of the previous age groups already mentioned:  63.5% were males, 55.4% were black or brown, and they lived in households with an average household income per capita of approximately R$ 352.00.

 

Child labor has a negative influence in the school enrollment rates.  In the group of children and teenagers from 5 to 17 years old employed, the school enrollment rate ⁷ fell from 81.0%, in 2006, to 80.0%, in 2007, while among the non-employed it changed from 93.5% to 94%.  The lowest school enrollment rate of children and teenagers employed, in 2007, was observed in the North (76.6%), followed by the Southeast (78.1%).

 

 

Major part of child labor was agricultural, non-remunerated but without a register

 

 

The PNAD 2007 confirmed the main characteristics of child labor in the country: 60.7% of children from 5 to 13 years old employed were in agricultural activities.  Prevailed non-agricultural activities in the age group from 14 to 15 years old (58.9%) and 16 to 17 years old (72.9%).  The Northeast Region had, in 2007, the major percentage (68.2%) of workers in the age group from 5 to 13 years old in agricultural activities in the country, while the Central West brought the lowest percentage (36.6%).

 

The majority (83.87%) of children and teenagers (from 5 to 17 years old) in agricultural activities in the country did not earn money for their work.  The non-remunerated child labor in the age group from 5 to 13 years old was led by the North (97.5%), Northeast (96.4%) and South (96.3%), followed by the Central West (94.4%) and Southeast (88.4%).

 

Among children and youth from 5 to 13 years old, 60% worked in non-remunerated jobs, 17.3% were employees or household workers, 16% worked for their own consumption and 6.7% were own-account or employers.  In the age group from 14 to 15 years old, prevailed the employees and household workers (44.3%), followed by non-remunerated workers (39.1%).  Among teenagers from 16 to 17 years old, 66.3% were household workers and employees and 21.3% non-remunerated workers.

 

The percentage of children and teenagers from 5 to 17 years old working without remuneration in non-agricultural activities had reduction in all the regions, decreasing in the total of the country from 21.1% to 19.4%, between 2006 and 2007, while in the agricultural activities without remuneration, the percentage increased, in this period, in the North (from 87.7% to 89.6%) and Northeast (from 85.9% to 86.4%).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In Brazil from 2006 to 2007 increased from 79% to approximately 87.4% the percentage of children and teenagers from 16 to 17 years old which were working as employees or household workers and did not have a formal contract.  In the analysis by regions, in the Northeast this percentage (98.2%) was the highest and in the South, the lowest (81.0%).  From the Northeast came the lowest percentage in the total of children and teenagers employed with a formal contract, 1.8% and from the South, the highest one (19.0%).

 

 

Male worked more than female children and teenagers

 

 

Almost one-third (30.5%) of children and teenagers from 5 to 17 years old employed had 40 or more weekly hours of work.  The percentage of employed males from 5 to 17 years old who had 40 or more weekly hours of work (31.9%) was higher than of women of the same age group (27.3%).  On the other hand, the percentage of women (27.8%) who worked up to 14 weekly hours was higher than the one of men (19.4%).  On the average, an adult with 18 years old or more worked approximately 41.1 hours while, someone from 5 to 17 years old, worked approximately 27.0 hours.

 

In the age group from 5 to 13 years old, prevailed children and youth who worked up to 14 hours per week (44.2%).  Among the total children and teenagers from 5 to 13 years old, 6.6% worked 40 hours or more. Among the workers from 16 to 17 years old, this percentage was 46.6%.

 

Males employed from 5 to 17 years old worked approximately 27.7 hours per week, while females in the same age group worked approximately 25.5 hours per week.  The PNAD 2007 showed that while in the age group from 5 to 13 years old the difference between the weekly hours among males and females was 1.8 hours (17.9 compared to 16.1), in the higher age groups the differences were more significant.  In adult age (18 years or more), the figures were 44.6 hours for men and 36.4 hours for women.

 

 

Almost half of children and teenagers employed worked without remuneration

 

A significant percentage of children and teenagers from 5 to 17 years old employed in the week of reference worked without remuneration (44.9%).  The Northeast brought the major percentage of employed in this age group without remuneration (61.4%) and with earning up to ¼ of the minimum wage (16.0%), while the Southeast had the lowest percentage of employed without remuneration (22.6%).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In 2007, the average monthly income of work of children and teenagers with remuneration in the Country was R$ 246.00 and had growth of 11.6% in relation to 2006.  In the Southeast (R$ 291.00), South (R$ 297.00) and Central West (R$ 285.00) it was approximately twice as much as the one observed in the Northeast (R$ 138.00).   The income of female children and youth between 5 and 17 years old (R$ 218.00) was lower than of male children and youth (R$ 263.00), in the total country as well as in all the regions.

 

Among the total children and youth from 5 to 17 years old employed in the country, approximately 19.8% lived in households without income or with average monthly household income per capita lower than 1/4 minimum wage.  In the Northeast, the proportion of working children and teenagers, living in households of this class of income reached 37.4%.  Families with income per capita between ¼ and less than ½ minimum wages included 23.1% of employed persons in this age group. 

 

Approximately 60.7% of children and teenagers employed in Brazil worked in domestic services in 2007.  Among the non-employed, it was observed that almost half worked in these activities (47.6%).  In 2006, the percentage of children and teenagers employed and which worked in household services was 64.4%. 

 

Santa Catarina had the major proportion of youth from 7 to 14 years old in school

In 2007, among the total persons with 4 years old or more in Brazil (190 million), approximately 56.3 million were students.

 

The youth from 7 to 14 years old brought the major school enrollment (97.6%), a result stable in relation to 2006.  In the analysis by regions, this rate was approximately 98% in the Southeast, South and Central West; 97.1% in the Northeast and 96.2% in the North.  The Federative Units of the South Region were the ones which most stood out, as in the case of Santa Catarina, with 99% of school enrollment of children and teenagers from 7 to 14 years old.  The lowest rates of school enrollment for this age group were observed in the Federative Units of the North and Northeast, mainly in the states of Acre (91.3%), Pará (96.2%) and Alagoas (96.2%).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

From 1992 to 2007,  the school enrollment rate of persons from 7 to 14 years old increased by 11.1 percentage points, changing from 86.6% to 97.7%, which represented a number of approximately, 27 million students in this age group in 2007. Among the areas, the most significant growth of the school enrollment rate was in the Northeast, which was 79.7% in 1992 and increased to 97.1%, representing an increase of 17.4% in the period.

 

 

The percentage of school enrollment increased in the group of children from 4 to 5 years old

 

The survey highlighted the growth of school enrollment of children from 4 to 5 years old.  In 2007, this percentage was 70.1%, which represented 2.5 percentage points above the result of 2006.  The major hike was recorded in the North Region: from 54.6%, in 2006, to 59.7% in 2007.

 

From 2006 to 2007, Amazonas, Alagoas and Paraná had the major increases of school enrollment in the group of 4 to 5 years old, respectively, 12.1; 7.5; and 7.1 percentage points.  The major decreases of school enrollment rate in this group came from Amapá (from 59.4% to 51.7%), Santa Catarina (from 73.7% to 69.7%) and Mato Grosso (from 54.3% to 47.9%).

 

 

From 2006 to 2007, more than 250 thousand students enrolled in higher education

 

In all the country, among the 56.3 million students of 4 years old or more, 7.9% were enrolled in pre-primary education (ex: nursery school); 63.0%, in elementary and literacy education; 16.6% in secondary education and 10.9% in higher education.  In relation to 2006, the number of students in higher education increased by 4.3% and, in relation to 2005, the rate increased by 13.2%.  The secondary education, on the other hand, had a slight decrease of 0.6% in relation to 2006.

 

Regarding the attendance, the public system stood out with a percentage of 79.2% of school attendance.  The prevailing of the public system was observed in almost all the levels of education, mainly in secondary and literacy education, with 87.9%, followed by secondary education (86.2%) and pre-primary education (74.1%). The constitutional obligation leads to the great absorption of students by the public system, nevertheless, this does not occur in higher education, where the private institutions answer for 76.0% of students in this level of instruction.  Between 2006 and 2007, the number of students in higher education in the private institutions, changed from 4.4 million to 4.7 million and, in public institutions, from 1.4 million to 1.5 million students.

 

From 2006 to 2007, the average number of years of schooling of persons 10 years old or more changed from 6.3 to 6.9 years.  In the older age groups this number was considerably lower than in the younger age groups.  In 2007, in the age groups from 18 to 19 years old, the average number of years of schooling was 8. 8 years, from 20 to 24 years old, 9.3 years, and in the group from 25 to 29 years, 8.9 years.  Among the persons from 50 to 59 years old, the average number of years of schooling was 6.1 and in the group of 60 years old or more, 3.9.

 

 

In 2007, 14 million Brazilians with 15 years old or more were illiterate

 

From 2006 to 2007, the illiteracy rate ⁸ changed from 10.4% to 10.0%, which represented approximately 14.1 million illiterates with 15 years old or more.  The PNAD shows that, in the last 15 years, significant advances were observed in education.  The illiteracy rate of persons with 15 years old or more reached 17.2% in 1992. The decrease of this rate was observed in all the major regions surveyed.  The Northeast brought the major reduction of illiteracy, changing from 32.7%, in 1992, to 19.9% in 2007.

 

Despite this significant reduction, the Northeast registered the highest rate among all regions (19.9%), followed by the North with 10.8%.  The lowest illiteracy rates of persons 15 years old and over came from the Southeast (5.7%) and South (5.4%). In 1992 these two regions had rates of 10.9% and 10.2%, respectively.  In the North Urban Region this index was 8.4% and in the Central West Region, 8.1%, compared to 13.1% and 14.5%, respectively, in 1992.

 

In 2007, 21.6% of persons 15 years old or more were functional illiterates, compared to 22.2% in 2006.  The North and Northeast recorded the major rates: 25.0% and 33.5%, respectively.

 

 

Female population reached 97.2 million

 

In 2007, the population of the country summed 189.8 million persons. Women answered for 51.2% of the resident population and men for 48.8%; respectively, 97.2 million and 92.6 million persons.  In relation to 2006 there was not a significant change in the distribution by sex of the resident population, which was 51.3% of women and 48.7% of men.

 

In 2007, the population of the country was formed by 49.4% whites, 7.4% blacks, 42.3% browns and 0.8%  others.  In relation to 2006, there was increase of 0.5 percentage points among the reported black and reduction of 0.3 percentage points among whites.  There was increase in the participation of blacks in all regions, with the exception of the North, where there was decrease of 0.7 percentage points.  In the other regions, the growth in the participation of the blacks was followed by the decrease of whites: Southeast (-0.4 percentage points), South (-0.9 percentage points), Central West (-1.9 percentage points).  In the North Region there was increase in the participation of whites (0.8 percentage points) and reduction of blacks (-0.7 percentage points) and browns (-0.7 percentage points).

 

From 2006 to 2007, youth population decreased by 0.7%

 

The PNAD 2007 confirms the trend of aging of the population observed in the last years.  From 2006 to 2007, the total population 40 years old or more increased by 4.2% while the younger group from 0 to 14 years old, brought reduction of 0.7%.  According to the survey, this performance was observed in all regions, with the exception of the North Region, where in the age group from 0 to 14 years old was registered a growth of 1.3% in the period.  As a consequence, the major percentages of persons from 0 to 4 years old were verified in the North Region, mainly in Roraima and Amapá with participation of 10.9%.  The lowest participations in this age group came from the states of the Southeast and South Regions as for example, Rio de Janeiro (5.7%), São Paulo (6.3%), Santa Catarina (6.1%) and Rio Grande do Sul (6.3%).

 

 

More than half of the population of the Central West was not born in the dwelling municipality

 

In 2007, the non-natural persons of the municipality of residence represented 39.8% of the resident population of the country, and the non-natural persons of the Federative Unit in which they lived, 15.8%.  In the Central West Region, 53.1% of the residents were non-natural persons of the resident municipality.  It was the only region in which the non-natural population was greater than the natural one.  The Northeast Region registered 32.0% of non-natural persons of the municipality; the Southeast, 40.5%; the North, 43.0%; and the South, 44.4%.

 

In the analysis by place of birth in relation to the Federative Unit in which people lived, it could be observed that the Central West Region had the major percentage of non-natural residents, 35.2%.  In this region stood out the Federal District, with 51.4% of non-natural residents.  In the national analysis stood out Roraima, which continued being the Federative Unit with the highest percentage of non-natural residents, 50.5%; and Rio Grande do Sul, with the lowest, 4.2%.

 

 

 

 

 

Notes

1 - Percentage of students of an age group in relation to the total persons of the same group.

2 - Percentage of employed persons with 10 years old or more.

3 - Percentage of unemployed persons with 10 years old or more.

4 - Proportion of unemployed persons in the total economically active persons.

5 - With the geographic coverage in effect until 2003 which excluded the rural areas of the states of the North Region, with the exception of Tocantins.

6 - Child labor is considered illegal in the age group from 5 to 13 years old.  Between 14 and 15 years old, it is allowed by law if it is in the condition of apprentice. Youth from 16 to 17 years old may work if it is not in nocturnal, dangerous and unhealthy activities.

7 - Percentage of students of an age group in relation to the total persons of the same age group.

8 - It is the percentage of illiterate persons of a specific age group, in relation to the total persons of the same age group.  In the PNAD, a person is classified as literate if is able to read and write at least a small letter in his/ her language.