Characteristic Tourism Activities (ACT's) generated, in 2005, value added¹ of R$ 131.6 billion, which represents increase of 16.26% in relation to the previous year. Being mainly formed by activities which render tourism-related services, the ACT’s have contributed with 11% to the total value added of the Services sector, whereas to economy as a whole the contribution was 7.15%. Together, ACT’s accounted for R$ 134.9 billion in goods and services consumed in the economy of the country, and generated 8,112,888 new jobs, or 15.10% of the 53,730,274 positions created by the services sector.  Considering these subsectors, road transportation was the highlight among the ACT’s (41.88% of participation and value added of 55.1 billion), followed by food services (19.53% of value added and R$ 25.8 billion); auxiliary transportation activities (11.0% of participation and value added of R$ 14.5 billion); and recreational, cultural and sports activities (10.03% of participation

and value added of R$ 13.2 billion).       

These are some of the data presented in the study “Tourism Economy: a macroeconomic perspective – 2000-2005”, conducted by IBGE, in partnership with the Ministry of Tourism and with EMBRATUR (Brazilian Institute for Tourism). The study, which is focused on the System of National Accounts – SCN, also allows the creation of macroeconomic aggregates for tourism activities, their structure and principal indicators. The main data are presented below:

The diversity of segments which form the ACT’s can also be seen from the ratio between intermediate consumption and production costs (CI/VP). Intermediate consumption is the value of goods and services consumed as input in a production process. The sector with the highest CI/VP ratio was air transport (0.72), followed by railroad and subway transportation (0.60) and water transport (0.60). It is also worth mentioning food services, with a CI/VP ratio above the average of ACT’s (0.51). That has happened because, in spite of having a simpler structure than other segments, they need a good number of goods and services in their production process.  

In an intermediate way, the ACT’s have consumed, together, R$ 134.9 billion in goods and services in the Brazilian economy. Industry accounted for the major part of this consumption (69.43% or R$ 93.6 billion), being followed by the services sector (29.36% or R$ 39.5 billion) and agriculture (1.22% or R$ 1.6 billion).

Intermediate consumption increased in all the sectors

The figures for participation of the sectors of industry and services in the structure of intermediate consumption of air transport were, respectively, 64.90% (R$ 8.9 billion) and 35.10% (R$ 4.8 billion). The highlights among the activities were: petroleum refining, with R$ 6.9 billion in the industrial sector and auxiliary transportation services, with R$ 1.9 billion in the services sector. Services accounted for over half (69.22%) of the intermediate consumption observed in the activity  of water transport, with R$ 3.9 billion. In second place in this segment was industry, which accounted for 30.78%, or R$ 1.7 billion. The industry sector also represented 56.04% of intermediate consumption registered in the sector of railroad and subway services, with a total of R$ 2.4 billion. It was followed by services, with 43.96%, or R$ 1.8 billion.

In industry and services, the highlights were, respectively, the activities of petroleum refining (R$ 1.3 billion) and auxiliary transportation services (R$ 576 million). In road transport, intermediate consumption was distributed between industry (71.98% or R$ 36.0 billion) and services (28.02% or R$ 14.0 billion). The highlights were the activities of petroleum refining, with R$ 24.0 billion in industry, and auxiliary transportation services, with R$ 4.4 billion in services.  In auxiliary transportation services, intermediate consumption was also distributed between the sectors of industry and services, with participation of, respectively, 46.83% (R$ 5.2 billion) and 53.17% (R$ 5.9 billion). In industry, the highlight was production of pieces and accessories for automotive vehicles (R$ 1.5 billion), whereas in the services sector the best result was that of auxiliary transportation services (R$ 947 million).   

In services, the highlight was renting of real estate (R$ 169 million), whereas, in the agriculture sector, intermediate consumption had highest figures in planting of other temporary crops, horticulture, aviaries and related services, and the biggest contribution (R$ 39 million). There was also the participation of the three sectors of economy in the structure of intermediate consumption of food services. Industry and services had, respectively, participation of 90.19% (R$ 32.9 billion) and 5.56% (R$ 2.0 billion). Agriculture reached 4.25% of participation (R$ 1.5 billion). In the sectors of industry and services, the most significant participation figures were those relative to production of beverages (R$ 22.3 billion) and renting of goods r$ 684 million), respectively. Considering agriculture, planting of other temporary crops, horticulture, aviaries and related services reached R$ 730 million. The industrial sector accounted for 24.03% (R$ 389 million) of intermediate consumption observed in the activity of travel agencies and organization of trips, whereas the services sector reached 75.97% (R$ 1.2 billion) of the total. In these subsectors, the highlights were recorded material (R$ 94 million) and air transport (R4 306 million). Intermediate consumption in the subsector of renting of real estate was distributed  between industry (52.47% or R$ 1.5 billion) and services (47.53% or R$ 1.3 billion). The most significant figures in both subsectors were those of petroleum refining, with R$ 229 million, and maintenance and repair of automotive vehicles (R$ 226 million). 

Tourism activities generated 8.1 million jobs in 2005

In 2005, ACT’s generated 8,112,888 jobs, accounting for 15.10% of the total 53,730,274 positions created by the services sector. In relation to economy as a whole, ACT’s accounted for 8.92%. In terms of the number of jobs, food services were the highlight among the ACT’s, with 37.79% of participation, which is equivalent to 3,066,084 positions. It was observed that, among the jobs created by ACT’s, a little more than half (59.23%, or 4,804,879) represented jobs without a formal contract. In this group, 1,594,728 positions were occupied by workers without a formal contract, and 3,210,151 of these professionals were own-account workers. Formal employment, on the other hand, accounted form 40.77% of the total (3,308,009 occupations). The sector of road transport had the biggest number of jobs included in this category (1,138,091 or 34.40% of the total). In second place were food services, which accounted for 31.27% or R$ 1,034,091 positions, whereas recreational, cultural and sports activities occupied 308,987 jobs (9.34%).

In the comparison  2000/2005, the year with the biggest changes in the number of jobs was 2001, with 4.42% in a total of 7,521,474 work positions. This result was even higher than that of the overall Brazilian economy, which had increase of 0.72% in the number of jobs.

Road transportation services generated the main contribution to the increase of jobs in ACT’s. Between 2000 and 2005, the increase was 12.7%, having changed from 2,561,069 to 2,933,868, that is, a total of 372,799 new jobs. In relative terms, the other increases were those of: auxiliary transportation services (26.3%); water transport (20.3%); travel agencies and organizations of trips (17.3%); renting of mobile goods (15.1%); railroad transportation (9.3%); lodging services (8.8%); food services (8.5%); recreational, cultural and sports activities (8.1%). Between 2000 and 2005, air transport reached -11.15% (from 42,579 to 37,830).   

In 2005, tourism activities paid R$ 44.4 billion in wages

Considering total wages, ACT’s paid R$ 52.9 billion, which corresponds to 8.84% of the amount paid by the Services sector, and of 6.14% of the total paid by the Brazilian economy in 2005. from this total, R$ 44.4 billion were paid as wages and salaries (83.89%), which made up 9.26% of the total wages and salaries paid in the services sector and 6.51% of the total spent by economy that year. Wages and salaries relative to formal employments made up 81.60% of the total paid, and reached R$ 36.2 billion. Compared to the total expenditure of the services sector, this amount represented 8.65% of the total paid in salaries and wages from formal employment and, in comparison with the total of economy, 6.13%. Among the subsectors of ACT’s, road transportation was the one which had the biggest participation in income paid in 2005, with R$ 20.4 billion or 38.68% of the total. In second place were food services (17.70% or R$ 9.3 billion) and auxiliary transportation services (13.41% or R4 7.0 billion).   

In the five years surveyed, considering the volume of income paid by the ACT’s, the highlight was year 2003, totaling R$ 40.7 billion. It was an increase, at current prices, of 15.89%, above the 14.17% observed for national economy. The participation of the total income paid by the ACT’s was 6.06% versus 5.97% in 2002. The subsectors which most contributed to this performance were: air transport, with change of 15.14% (from R$ 14.3 billion, in 2002, to R$ 16.5 billion, in 2003); food services, with rate of 22.3% (from  R$ 7.3 billion, in  2002, to R$ 8.9 billion, in 2003); auxiliary transportation services, with rate of 19.42% (from R$ 3.9 billion, in 2002, to R$ 4.6, in 2003).

In 2005, ACT’s produced R$ 131.7 billion of value added

In 2005, the value added at current prices produced by ACT’s was R$ 131.7 billion, representing increase of 16.26% in comparison with 2004. The result was above the level expected for value added in the Brazilian economy (10.56%) between 2004 and 2005. As a consequence, the participation of the group of ACT’s in value added generated by Brazilian economy increased 7.15%. In this period, value added of all activities increased, being air transport the only exception, with reduction of 0.10%. the segments which most influenced  the result reached by the ACT’s were: road transport, with increase of 20.13% in value added  (from R$ 45.9 billion, in 2004 to R$ 55.1 billion, in 2005), food services, with change of 11.18% (from R$ 23.1 billion, in 2004, to R$ 25.7 billion, in 2005; auxiliary transportation services, with increase of 16.37% (from R$ 12.4 billion, in 2004, to R$ 14.4 billion, in 2005) and recreational, cultural and sports activities, with change of 12.78% (from R$ 11.7 billion, in 2004, to R$ 13.2 billion, in 2005).

Consumption of Characteristic Tourism Services faces decrease in participation between 2000 and 2005

Families living in the country consumed, at market prices in the years 2000 and 2005, R$ 88.4 and R$ 142.4 billion in characteristic tourism products² produced by the ACT’s, respectively. These figures corresponded to 11.91% and 11.26% of the total spent in consumption by resident families in the country (R$ 742.8 billion and R$ 1.2 trillion). The increase of consumption with decrease in the percentage of participation in economy was due to the fact that, for products consumed in the other areas, consumption was bigger than was observed in characteristic tourism products. In this period, the increase was 61.1% of the total amount spent on consumption by families in the ACT’s, at market prices. This change was due, among other reasons, to the increase of the tourist sector, which caused the creation of new companies, the increase of general income of the Brazilian population and changes in the prices of these products.            

The biggest change was that of the subsector of travel agencies and organization of trips (259.7%), which changed from R$ 580 million to R$ 1.0 billion. Water transport services changed from R$ 311 to R$ 958 million  (208%); air transport from R$ 2.5 to R$ 6.7 billion (136.8%); railroad transportation from R$ 747 million to R$ 1.5 billion (106.3%); auxiliary transportation services from R$ 2.7 to R$ 4.8 billion (80.4%); road transport from R$ 28.1 to R$ 46.3 billion (64.5%); renting of mobile goods from R$ 291 to R$ 465  million (59.7%); food services from R$ 38.0 to R$ 58.2 billion (53.1%) and lodging services from R$ 4.0 to R$ 4.6 billion (14.7%).

_________________________________________________________________       ¹Value aggregated by the activity to goods and services consumed in the production process, obtained by the difference between the cost of production and the intermediate consumption of these activities

 ²Characteristic tourism products, in most countries, are those which would no longer exist in significant number or of which consumption would decrease significantly in case of absence of tourists, as it is the case of air transport.