From 2005 to 2006, the workers of Brazil had gain of 7.2% in their income, gaining on the average, R$ 883 per month. Despite that the growth was not enough to reach the major value of income of the series ...

 

From 2005 to 2006, the workers of Brazil had gain of 7.2% in their income, gaining on the average, R$ 883 per month. Despite that the growth was not enough to reach the major value of income of the series (R$ 975, in 1996), this higher level was reached and surpassed by the 50% of employed persons which gained less.
 
Similarly, in 2006, the percentage of persons who worked in the population of 10 years old or more (57.0%) was near the value of the beginning of the decade of 1990 (57.5% in 1992), being that, in the last year, of each five new jobs, three were with a formal contract.  However, more than half of the employed persons (49.1 million persons) continued to be of workers without a formal contract, own employed or without remuneration.

 

Several improvements in education were observed from 2005 to 2006: significant increase in the number of children with 5 and 6 years old in school; decrease in the rates of illiteracy and functional illiteracy; and increase in the average number of years of study of the population. On the other hand, child labor had reduction in all the age groups even that in the previous year, 5.1 million children and teenagers between 5 and 17 years old were employed.

 

Brazil continues getting older, especially in the South and Southeast Regions, and the average rate of national fertility fell to the level of the limit of replacement (2.0 children on the average per woman).

 

The regional inequalities, however, continue, in the educational indicators, in the household access to public services and goods as well as in the distribution of income.

 

These are some of the results of the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) of the IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística), which, annually, tries to delineate a profile of the country.  In 2006, 410,241 persons were interviewed in 145,547 households in all Brazil.  In October, approximately 2,000 interviewers of the IBGE will start the fieldwork of the Pnad, which, in 2007, completes 40 years.  For the first time, the data collection will be electronic.

 

The monthly average income of the employed persons increased by 7.2%, in 2006, in comparison with 2005, changing from R$ 824 to R$ 883. It was the major growth in this comparison since 1995.  One of the determinant factors for this growth was the real gain of the minimum salary, of 13.3% in 2006, compared to 2005. It was registered a slow reduction in the income concentration, showed by the evolution of the Gini ¹ index: from 0.547, in 2004, to 0.543, in 2005, and 0.540, in 2006.

 

The average income of the employees increased 6.6%; of the household employees, 7.9%; and of the own account workers, 5.4%. Among the employees, the average income of those with a formal contract increased 4.7%; and of employees without a formal contract, 4.2%; while that of military and statutory workers increased 11.5%.

 

The major gains in the income of 2006, compared to 2005, came from the Northeast (12.1%) and North Regions (7.1%).  There also was growth in the Southeast (6.6%), South (5.5%) and Central West Regions (4.9%).  The lowest real average income was observed in the Northeast (R$ 565), and the major, in the Southeast (R$ 1,027). The Gini index showed the major concentration in the Northeast (0.565) and in the Central West (0.541) and was 0.523 in the Southeast; 0.502 in the South; and 0.495 in the North.

 

The real average income of men and women continued different, although in a less intensity: in 2006, the income of women represented 65.6% of the income of men, compared to 64.4% in 2005; 63.5% in 2004; and 58.7% in 1996.  The major wage differences between men and women, in 2006, were among own-account workers and household workers.

 

In a historical analysis, the average real income observed in the country, R$ 888²  in 2006, was not enough to recover the major average real income of the series, R$ 975, observed in 1996.  This recovery to the level of 1996, was observed, however, for the first half of income distribution (those who earned less), whose income changed from R$ 267, in 1996, to R$ 293 in 2006.

 

 

In 2006, average income of Brazilian households was R$ 1,687

 

The average monthly income of households with income changed from R$ 1,494, in 2004, to R$ 1,568, in 2005, and R$ 1,687 in 2006, showing real gains of 5.0%, in 2005, and 7.6% in 2006.  The major increases in the household income were observed in the Northeast (11.7%) and North (8.8%).  In the South and Southeast, the average income of households increased 7%, while the lowest increase was recorded in the Central West (6%).

 

The growth in the Northeast resulted in a small reduction of the differences between this region and the Southeast.  The average household income of the Northeast represented, in 2005, 52.8% of the income of the Southeast, changing in 2006, to 57.8%.  Despite this, the real average value of household income in the Northeast (R$ 1,089) continued being the lowest, while in the Southeast (R$ 1,885) it was the highest.  In the country, the lowest half of distribution (the lower incomes) answered in 2004, for only 15.9% of the total incomes; in 2005, for 16.1%; and in 2006, for 16.4%.

 

 

Increase in the number of workers with more than 40 years old

 

 

From 2005 to 2006, the number of employed persons increased by 2.4% in all the country, which means that more 2.1 million persons entered the labor market.  Nevertheless, this growth was below the one registered in 2005 (2.9% in relation to 2004).  The Southeast Region was the only one to present a positive change in the level of employment³  (0.8 percentage points), being that, in the country, the increase among women (from 45.3%, in 2005, to 46.8% in 2006) was above the one of men (from 68.3% to 68.2%).

 

In 2006, the participation of workers with more than 40 years old in the employed population increased 1.1 percentage points in relation to the previous year (changed from 39.0%, in 2005, to 40.1% in 2006).  In the Southeast, this increase was 1.4 percentage points compared to 2005.  In the other regions it was around 0.9 percentage points.

 

Among the almost 90 million employed persons in 2006, 33.4 million had concluded at least the equivalent to secondary instruction (11 years or more of study).  In one year, the participation of this group in the employed population changed from 34.5% to 37.6%.  In the Southeast Region, the most schooled group represented 45.5% of the employed population.  In the South and Central West Regions, this percentage was around 38.0% and, in the North Region, was 30.8%.  It is worth mentioning than in this last aforementioned region the major increase in relation to 2005 was registered: 3.3 percentage points.

 

In all the regions, the group of women with 11 years old or more represented the major number among the female employed population.  However, for men, this result was only found in the Southeast, South and Central West Regions.

 

The harmonized time series⁴  of PNAD shows that the level of employment changed from 55.0%, in 1996, to 57.0% in 2006, approaching the level of the first years of the decade of 1990 (57.5% in 1992).

 

 

 

Agricultural activity losses more than half a million workers in one year

 

 

From 2005 to 2006, the participation of the agricultural activity in the employed population fell from 20.5% (17.8 million workers) to 19.3% (17.2 million).  In 2004, the participation of the agricultural activity was 21.0%, which means, 17.7 million persons.

 

The participation of the agricultural activity in the employed population fell significantly in all the regions.  The Northeast Region, which concentrated the major number of these workers, approximately 7.9 million persons, had the major decrease (from 36.5% in 2005, to 33.8% in 2006), with reduction of 447 thousand workers.  In the North Region, the participation of the employed population in the agricultural activity changed from 23.4% to 22.6%.  In the South, where the agricultural activity has a significant participation, the percentage of workers also fell, from 22.1% in 2005 to 21.2%.  Finally, in the Central West Region, with approximately 1 million workers in the agricultural activity, there was a decrease from 17.6% to 16.4%.

 

In September 2006, 13.2 million persons worked in industry. It could be observed an increase of 1.7% in this estimate, in relation to the previous year.  Industry registered increase of workers only in the Southeast (3.4%) and Central West Regions (8.1%).

 

In 2006, for each five new jobs, three were with a formal contract

 

The number of workers with a formal contract reached 30.1 million in 2006, an increase of 4.7% in relation to the previous year and an increase of 1.3 million persons in the formal sector.  These employees, which summed 33.1% of the employed population in 2005, represented 33.8% in 2006.  For each five jobs created in 2006, three were with a formal contract.

 

In relation to the number of workers without a formal contract (20.8 million in 2006), the growth was 1.8% compared to 2005, and the participation of this group in the employed population was stable (23.2%).  From 2005 to 2006, the participation of own-account workers also was stable, with 21.2%, which represented 19 million workers.  The participation of non-remunerated workers fell to 8.7%, summing 5.4 million persons in this condition.

 

In 2006, it could be observed that 40.1 million workers or did not have a formal contract, or were own-account workers and/or non-remunerated (23.2%, 21.2% and 6%, respectively, of the employed population). This group represented more than half of the employed population (50.4%), however, it fell in almost all regions in relation to 2005.

 

 

In 2006, number of unemployed persons fell

 

Among the total of 96.7 million persons in the labor force, 8.2 million were unemployed⁵  in September 2006.  In relation to 2005, there was a decrease of 8.3% in this estimate, which means, a reduction of 742 thousand persons in the number of unemployed persons.

 

The reduction in the number of unemployed persons and the increase of the employed population made the rate of unemployment⁶  decrease in almost one percentage point, changing from 9.3% in 2005 to 8.4% in 2006.  With the exception of the South Region, the rate of unemployment decreased in all regions. In the Southeast and Central West Regions, the decrease was higher than 1 percentage points.  The Southeast Region had the highest unemployment rate (9.6%); and the South, the lowest (8.4%).

 

Women are the majority of the unemployed population (approximately 57.0%), and in many states this number surpasses 60.0%.  By age group, the number of unemployed persons was distributed, in 2006, in the following way: from 18 to 24 years old (36.7%), from 25 to 49 years old (43.3%), from 50 years old or more (6.5%).

 

 

Women only increase participation in the labor market in the South and Southeast

 

 

From 2005 to 2006, the Brazilian labor force increased by 1.6%, which represents 97.6 million persons economically active⁷ .  The participation of women in the labor force is becoming constantly more significant.  In 2006, they summed 42.6 million, and their participation increased from 43.1%, in 2004; to 43.5% in 2005; and 43.7% in 2006.  There were increases in the participation of women in the Southeast (from 44.2% to 44.8%) and South Regions (from 44.6% to 45.0%).  In the North, Northeast and Central West Regions, there was not a significant change in this participation.

 

Among men which were in the labor force, 90.0% had concluded at least one year of study, while, for women, the percentage estimated was higher (93.0%).  This difference between men and women increases when higher levels of schooling are compared.  Almost 43.5% among women had concluded the secondary instruction (11 years or more of study), while, only one-third of men had this type of instruction.

 

 

Number of contributors to social security and labor unions increased

 

In 2006, 41.3 million workers contributed to social security in all the country, which means that more than half of the employed population did not have social security rights (51.2%).  However, in all the regions there was an increase in the number of contributors, being that, in the country as a whole, the percentage of those who contributed, among the employed persons, increased by 3.7% between 2005 and 2006, changing from 47.4% to 48.8%.

 

In 1996, slightly more than two-fifths (42.6%) of workers contributed to social security; in 2006, this percentage represented almost half of the employed persons (49.2%).  Even that we are far away from an ideal scenario, it is worth mentioning that, in 2006, the PNAD registered the major participation of contributors to the institute of social security by the employed population since the beginning of the decade of 1990.

 

In 2006, there were 16.5 million persons affiliated to labor unions.  In relation to 2005, this result increased by 5.4%.  The labor unions members represented in 2006, 18.6% of the employed population, participation which was almost stable in relation 2005.  In 1996, the participation of labor union members had been 16.6%. 

 

 

Employment of children and teenagers falls 12.2%, in 2005, to 11.5% in 2006

 

In 2006, the level of employment of children and teenagers from 5 to 17 years old, estimated in 11.5%, decreased in relation to 2005 (12.2%).  In the previous year, there were 5.1 million persons from 5 to 17 years old working in Brazil, representing 5.7% of the employed population 5 years old or more.  In relation to 2005, there was decrease of 0.5 percentage points of children and teenagers in the employed population. Among the regions, the Northeast had the major participation of persons from 5 to 17 years old among the employed population, however, registered also the major reduction of this participation from 2005 to 2006 (from 9.4% to 8.4%).

 

The participation of children and teenagers from 5 to 17 years old in the employed population in the agricultural activity (12.7%) was approximately three times more than the one recorded in non-agricultural activity (4.2%).  From 2005 to 2006, there was reduction of 1.2 percentage points in the participation of this age group in the agricultural activity, while in the non-agricultural activity no change was registered.

 

Among the characteristics of the employed population from 5 to 17 years old the following results are worth observing: 41.4% were in the agricultural activity; 64.4% were men (in the agricultural activities, this percentage was 74.1%); 59.1% were blacks and browns; 94.5% were literate; and 19.0% were out of school, a percentage considerably higher than the one registered for the total of children and teenagers in this age group who did not work (6.4%).

 

Children and teenagers employed from 5 to 17 years old came from families whose average household income per capita was approximately R$ 280.  On the average, they had 20 weekly hours of work and 59.1% lived in rural areas.  Among those who lived in rural areas, 4.0% did not know how to read and write, and 22.6% were not enrolled in schools. Around 36.1% of employed children and teenagers did not have remuneration, and 37.9% were employees.

 

 

In 2006, approximately 237 thousand children from 5 to 9 years old (1.4%) worked

 

Approximately 237 thousand children from 5 to 9 years old were working in Brazil in September 2006. They represented 4.6% of the number of children and teenagers from 5 to 17 years old who worked, percentage lower than the one of 2005 (5.6%).

 

Among the children working in this age group, 69.0% were boys, 63.7% were blacks or browns, 44.3% did not know how to read or write and 6.9% were out of school.  They came from families whose average household income per capita was around R$ 150, on the average worked 10.6 hours per week, and more than half of them (65.8%) lived in rural areas. 

 

Approximately 58.1% of the children from 5 to 9 years old employed did not have remuneration and 33.0% worked in the production for their own consumption.

 

In the age group from 10 to 14 years old, 1.7 million persons worked in September 2006. The group represented 33.6% of the total of children and teenagers from 5 to 17 years old who worked – in 2005, they were 34.2%.  The level of employment for this age group was estimated in 9.7% in 2006, also decreasing in relation to 2005 (10.8%).

 

As in the other age groups, 64.4% of the employed persons from 10 to 14 years old were men; 63.0% were blacks and browns; 6.4% did not know how to read and write and 6.5% were out of school. These working children came from families whose average household income per capita was approximately R$ 204 and performed 18.4 weekly hours of work.  More than half of them (55.4%) lived in rural areas.  Among the employed persons from 10 to 14 years old, approximately 53.7% did not have remuneration, 15.6% worked in the production for their own consumption, and 17.3% were employees.

 

Between 1996 and 2006, the proportion of children and teenagers from 5 to 17 years old who worked, in relation to the total persons in this age group fell from 18.7% to 11.1%.  There was reduction in all the age groups; in the group from 5 to 9 years old, the decrease was from 3.2% to 1.4%; from 10 to 14 years old, from 18.7% to 9.7%; and in the age group from 15 to 17 years old, changed from 44.0% to 30.5%.

 

 

North and Central West have major growth in the percentage of students

 

 

Among the total of persons with 5 years old or more in Brazil (173 million, approximately), about 54.9 million (around 32%) were enrolled in schools in 2006, an increase of 0.9% in relation to 2005.  The increase in the percentage of students was higher in the North and Central West Regions (1.3%, in each one). Part of this expansion is a result of the major attendance or permanence in school; and partly, to the increase in the number of persons in school age.

 

The school enrollment was higher in the group from 7 to 14 years old, 97.6%, 0.3 percentage points above the value registered in 2005.  In the Southeast, South and Central West Regions, more than 98% of persons from 7 to 14 years old were in school.  In the North and Northeast Regions, the percentages were 96% and 96.9% respectively.  In Santa Catarina, the percentage of persons from 7 to 14 years old in school almost reached the totality (99%).  On the other hand, the lowest rates for this age group were in Acre (94%) and in Alagoas (95.9%).

 

For the other two classes in school age, from 5 to 6 years old and from 15 to 17 years old, the percentages of students in Brazil were 84.6% and 82.2%, respectively, in 2006.  In relation to the previous year, for the age group from 15 to 17 years old, there was an increase of 0.5 percentage points.  For the group from 5 to 6 years old, the growth was more significant (3 percentage points).

 

 

Percentage of children from 5 to 6 years old increases more in ES and falls in AL and MS

 

 

There were great differences in the Federation Units.  In Rondônia, for example, 60.7% of children between 5 and 6 years old were in school in 2006 (2.9 percentage points more than in 2005).  In Ceará, the rate was 93.2%, 2.1 percentage points above the one of 2005.

 

In Espírito Santo the enrollment of children from 5 to 6 years old in school or pre-school was the one that most increased in relation to 2005: 9.2 percentage points, reaching 85.7%, in 2006.  In Alagoas and Mato Grosso do Sul, however, there were reductions of 1.6 and 0.4 percentage points, respectively, in this indicator, from 2005 to 2006, when the rates were respectively 75.2% and 75.7%. 

 

For the persons from 18 to 24 years old and 25 years old or more, the participation in the educational system in 2006 were 31.7% and 5.6%, respectively.  In the North (32.6% and 7.7%) and Northeast Regions (33.8% and 6.6%), were observed the major percentages.

 

In all the age groups, women had a higher percentage of school enrolling than men. For the group in school age, from 5 to 17 years old, the proportion of students was 92.4% among women and 91.9% among men.  In all the regions, the difference occurred, and it was only not considerably significant in the Central West (0.1 percentage points).

 

 

Number of students in higher education increased, mainly in private institutions

 

 

The number of students in higher education increased 13.2% from 2005 to 2006.  In the other levels, decreases were recorded (-4.5% in pre-school and -0.9% in secondary instruction) and a slight increase (0.5% in elementary instruction). One of the causes of this phenomenon may be the population aging.

 

Despite that the number of students in public institutions still is significantly higher than the one in the private institutions (43.7 million compared to 11.2 million, respectively), from 2005 to 2006, the total of students in the public system increased 7.5%; while in the public system decreased 0.7%.  The expansion of the private system was more considerable in higher education: 15.3%.

 

 

Illiteracy falls in relation to 2005, but functional illiterates still are 23.6% of the population

 

 

In 2006, 14.9 million Brazilians with more than 10 years old were illiterates⁸ , 4.2% less than in 2005.  The rate of illiteracy for this group fell from 10.2% in 2005 to 9.6% in the previous year.  For persons of 15 years old or more, the rate of illiteracy in 2006 was 10.4%, 0.7 percentage points lower than in 2005. The rate of illiteracy of persons 10 years old or more was 18.9% in the Northeast and 10.3% in the North Region.  In the South and in the Southeast, the values were 5.2% and 5.5%.

 

The rate of illiteracy of men with more than 10 years old was 9.9%, while the one of women was 9.3%.  In all the regions, there were more illiterates among women than among men, except in the Central West, where the illiterate rate was the same for both sexes: 7.4%.

 

In 2006, 23.6% of persons with more than 10 years old were functional illiterates⁹  ,1.3 percentage points less than in 2005.  In all the regions, from 2005 to 2006, there was decrease in this rate, being more considerable in the North (from 29.7% to 28.5%) and Northeast (from 37.5% to 35.5%).  The illiteracy functional male rate was also higher than the female (24.7% compared to 22.7%).  In the North, Northeast and Central West Regions, the scenario was similar to the national, while in the Southeast and South Regions it was the opposite, with women having a major rate than men (18% compared to 17%, approximately in both regions).

 

Persons with 10 years old or more had, in 2006, on the average, 6.8 years of study, 3% more than in 2005. The indicator was higher in the Southeast (7.5) and in the South (7.2).  In the North Region, the average was 6.2 years and in the Northeast considerably low: 5.6 years.

 

Women had 7 years of study on the average, while men had 6.6 years.  The difference was higher in the North and Northeast Regions, where women had, on the average, 10.2% and 13.5% more years of study than men.  In the South and Central West, the differences were, respectively, of 1.4% and 7.4%.  In the Southeast, men and women had on the average 7.5 years of study.

 

 

Between 1996 and 2006, Northeast had more significant improvements in education

 

 

The recent panorama of education shows increases which, when a longer period of time is analyzed (ten years), are even more significant.  Among children from 5 to 6 years old, for example, 35.8% were not enrolled in school in 1996, a percentage which fell, in 2001, to 23.8% and reached, in 2006, 14.7%.  This phenomenon occurred in all the regions, especially the Northeast and Southeast, where in 2006, the proportion of children from 5 to 6 years old which were out of school was 12.4% and 11%, respectively, considerable below the values of 1996 (35.2% and 33%).

 

For children and teenagers from 7 to 14 years old, the Northeast Region had a considerable improvement: while in 1996 13.6% were not enrolled in school, in 2006 this percentage was 3.1%.  Among persons from 15 to 17 years old, the percentage of non-school enrollment changed from 30.5% in 1996 to 17.5% in 2006.  This trend was registered in all regions, being major in the South: from 34% to 19.3%.

 

The illiteracy rate of persons with 10 years old or more fell 4.3 percentage points from 1996 to 2006, and the decrease was more significant in the Northeast (from 27.3% in 1996 to 18.9% in 2006).  From 1996 to 2006, there was increase of 30.2% in the average number of years of study of persons of 10 years old or more. Finally, between 1996 and 2006, the number of persons with 11 years or more of study increased 13 percentage points.  Women maintain the leadership in this indicator since 1996.

 

 

Average fertility rate reached the level of replacement fertility of the population

 

 

Nationally, the trend of population aging persisted in 2006.  This trend was even more pronounced in the Southeast and South Regions, where the difference among the participation, in the total of the population, of persons from 0 to 9 years old and of 40 years old or more already surpasses 20 percentage points – the national average is a difference of 15.8 percentage points.

 

The fertility rate, in 2006, was estimated in 2.0 births per woman (in 2005, it was 2.1 births per woman), falling to the level of replacement of the population.

 

The North Region had an age structure less older: registered the lowest difference among the percentages of persons with 0 to 9 years old and 40 years old or more (1.6 percentage points); had average number of children per family (3.3) more than the one registered for the country (2.9); and was the only region where the number of children from 0 to 4 years old (1.6 million) was major than the one of persons with 60 years old or more (approximately 979 thousand).

 

Among the Federative Units, Acre had in 2006 the major percentage of persons with 0 to 4 years old (12.0%).  On the other hand, in Rio de Janeiro, only 5.9% of persons were in this age group, concentrating also the major percentage of persons with 60 years old or more: 14.1%.

 

Aging is occurring for both men and women, but the female population from 0 to 4 years old was, in 2006, 9.3% lower than the male population in the same age group; while in the age group 60 years old or more, the number of women surpassed the number of men by 27.0%. This means that more men are born but women live more.

 

 

Only in the North Region, number of men surpasses the number of women

 

In 2006, there were approximately 91 million men and 96 million women.  Only in the North Region the number of men surpassed the number of women, which did not occur since 2005.  This occurred due to the fact that there were lesser women over 60 years old in the North of the country.  There, they represented 51.5% of the population in this age group; and in the other regions, the proportion were higher: Southeast (57.2%); South (55.9%); Northeast (55.2%) and Central West (52.5%).

 

The average number of persons per household, in the country, was 3.4.  There were 59 million resident families in permanent particular households, from which 40 million (68.6%) had a man as main responsible, proportion slightly lower than the one of 2005 (69.4%).

 

In relation to color/race, in 2006, the Brazilian population was composed by 49.7% of whites, 42.6% of browns and 6.9% of blacks.  There was a slight increase of participation of blacks, which in 2005 was 6.3%, as a result of the elevation of the percentage in the North (3.8% to 6.2%), Northeast (7.0% to 7.8%) and Southeast Region (7.2% to 7.7%).

 

In 2006, the non-natural persons of the municipality of residence were 40.0% of the population of the country, and the non-natural persons of the federation (UF) in which they lived, represented 16.0%.

 

Regarding the place of birth in relation to the municipality of residence, in the Central West, the non-natural population (54.2% of the total) surpassed the natural population in the four states of the region.  The percentages were 31.5% in the Northeast Region; 41.3% in the Southeast Region; 42.2% in the North Region; and 44.3% in the South Region. Regarding the place of birth in relation to the Federative Unit, 36.5% of the residents in the Central West Region were non-natural residents, standing out the Federal District where this percentage reached 51.8%. Roraima had the major percentage of non-natural residents (53.7%); and Rio Grande do Sul, the lowest (3.8%).

 

 

From 1981 to 2006, young population fell from 58.2% to 44.3% of the total population

 

 

In Brazil, the population up to 25 years old fell continuously in the period 1981 to 2006, from 58.2% to 44.3% of the total population.  The reduction, in percentage terms, was more pronounced as the age groups decreased. This means that the proportion of persons from 0 to 4 years old of the population fell 5.9 percentage points in the period 1981 - 2006 (from 13.4% to 7.5%) and for the population from 5 to 9 years old the decrease was 3.5 percentage points (from 12.4% to 8.9%).

 

 

Number of households only with mobile telephones increased approximately 4.2 percentage points from 2005 to 2006

 

The access to line or mobile telephone, increased from 2005 to 2006, with significant growth in the percentage of households with mobile telephone. Among the total of residences, 74.5 % had telephone in 2006 (compared to 71.6% in 2005), and in 27.7% there was only mobile telephone (compared to 23.5%).  The scenario was observed in all regions, standing out the increase of households only with mobile telephone in the North Region (from 27.2% to 34.7%).  It is worth observing the evolution, from 2005 to 2006, of the existence of telephones in the households of Maranhão (from 37.4% to 41.6%) and of Piauí (from 38.2% to 42.0%).

 

In 2006, 87.9% of the households had radio and 93.0%, television. The possession of these goods showed small differences between the regions.  On the other hand, the existence of the computer (in 22.1% of the households of the country), as well as the access to Internet (in 16.9%), showed strong regional inequalities, being that the percentages registered in the Southeast (29.2% and 23.1% respectively) were around three times the percentages recorded in the North (9.8% and 6.0%) and Northeast (9.7% and 6.9%).

 

The general water supply system reached 83.2% of the households of the country, 0.9 percentage points more than in 2005.  In the six major regions, there was growth in this percentage, being that the North had the major increase, changing from 54.6% to 56.1%, but maintaining, the lowest proportion of households attended.  On the other hand, the Southeast had 94.5% of households with piped water.  In relation to sewage disposal, 48.5% of households were connected to the sewage disposal system, 22.1% used septic tanks, and 29.4% had clear non-adequate or inexistence of sewage disposal.  In all the regions, there was growth in the percentage of households with refuse disposal in 2006, resulting in a national increase of 85.8% in 2005 to 86.6% in the last year.  Among the households, in 2006, 97.7% had electric illumination, being that this percentage was above the value of 87.0% in all the Federation Units.

 

 

Percentage of households with computer almost doubled between 2001 and 2006

 

Between 2001 and 2006, the strong growth, in all regions, of the percentage of households with telephone caused reduction of the regional differences regarding this service.  In 2001, the percentage for example, in the Northeast Region (35.9%) was almost half of the one observed in the Southeast (70.6%).  In 2006, the Southeast, the South and the Central West had percentages above 80%; the urban North, 70.2%; and the Northeast, 53.6%.

 

The evolution of households with computer also was a highlight, changing from 12.3% of the total in  2001 to 22.4% in 2006, being that in the urban North (from 6.7% to 12.4%),  Northeast (from 5.2% to 9.7%), South (from 13.9% to 27.9%) and Central West (from 10.6% to 20.4%), the percentages almost doubled.

 

 

 

 

Notes

1 - It is a measure of degree of concentration of a distribution, whose value ranges from 0 (perfect equality) up to 1 (maximum inequality).

2 - Excludes rural areas of the North, except Tocantins.

3 - Percentage of employed persons in the population of 10 years old or more.

4 - The harmonized comparisons do not consider, for the year 2006, the rural areas of almost all the states of the North Region, except Tocantins, because this was the territorial coverage of PNAD until 2004.

5 - According to recommendations of the International Labour Organization, are considered in this category those who are not employed in the period of reference of the survey and took some step to get a job in this period.

6 - Proportion of unemployed persons in the economically active population.

7 - In September/2006 persons of 10 years old or more working or searching for a job.

8 - A literate person is one who declares to know how to read and write at least a simple note in their own language.

9 - A person is classified as functional literate if is able to use reading and writing to continue to learn and improve.  The functional illiteracy represents the proportion of persons with 10 years old or more with less than 4 complete years of study.