The Summary of Social Indicators shows that, between 1995 and 2005, in the Southeast Region, the percentage of families formed by couple and children fell from 56.6% to 48.5%.  Facts such as the growth in the participation of women in the labor market may have produced changes in the structure of the Brazilian families: the number of families that were headed by women increased by 35%, in the period.  This increase has been occurring even in families where there is a partner.

The survey also showed that, in Brazil, in 2005, there were almost six million persons living alone and that, from 2004 to 2005, the proportion of teenage mothers changed from 6.8% to 7.1%.   In 2005, the metropolitan area of São Paulo had 10.5% of the population.  More than 65% of the elder population headed the households in which they lived, and there were 5.6 million elders working in all the country.

Between 1995 and 2005, the unemployment rate increased 3.2 percentage points and the employment with a formal contract increased 3.2 percentage points.  School lagging still reaches 36.4% of students of the eighth grade.  Inequalities between blacks and browns continue to be observed in all the social indicators.
 
The number of families headed by women with partner increased
In the last ten years, the female head of families increased approximately 35%, from 22.9%, in 1995, to 30.6% in 2005.  The major growth was in Santa Catarina (64.1%) and Mato Grosso (58.8%).  The female head is more significant among the elder women (1) (27.5%), as a consequence of the major life expectancy of women and the major presence of them in households with only one resident.

In relation to 1995, the proportion of families headed by women that had a partner increased.  In the previous year, in the total of families with relatives, 28.3% were headed by women. Among 18.5% of this universe, women were head, despite the presence of the partner.  In 1995, this proportion was 3.5%.  The indicator shows not only the cultural and role changes in the family, as well as shows the concept of “shared” heading, which means, a major responsibility of the couple with the family.

The proportion of women as head of households with relatives in the metropolitan areas was higher than the national average (28.3%), ranging from 31.0% in metropolitan areas around Porto Alegre to 42.0% in metropolitan areas around Salvador.  In the metropolitan areas, where the access to information and to the labor market is easier, women have more conditions to be the head of family.

The female heading, nevertheless, is more strongly represented in the families where there is not a partner, mainly in the familiar structure where all the children have 14 years old or more.  In this case, it is possible to find single, separated or even widowed mothers with children already raised that remain in the residence due to option or need.  From 1995 to 2005, the percentage of families headed by women without children and without partner changed from 17.4% to 20.1% in the Northeast, and from 15.9% to 18.3% in the Southeast.

In part due to the major presence of women in the labor market and the consequent reduction of fertility, the average number of families diminished, between 1995 and 2005, from 3.9 to 3.4 components in the Northeast and from 3.4 to 3.1 in the Southeast.  It can be observed, however, in all the metropolitan areas, that the major families had the lowest income per capita, while the highest incomes were observed in the smaller families.

Between 1995 and 2005, for example, the proportion, among the family arrangements, of the couples with children and relatives fell, in the Northeast, from 6.8% to 5.0%. In the Southeast, this percentage changed from 4.8% to 3.7%.  The percentage of couples with children also fell, from 57.6% to 49.8% in the country; from 57.7% to 51.3% in the Northeast and from 56.6% to 48.5% in the Southeast.

A positive characteristic of the Brazilian families in the last ten year was the reduction of those who lived with an income per capita up to ½ minimum salary.  In the families headed by men, this reduction was of 3.5 percentage points,  while in the families headed by women this reduction was slightly higher, 3.8 p.p.

In the Northeast, this decrease was of 3.5 percentage points (48.4% to 44.9%), but the number was still significant.  On the other hand, in the Southeast, in 2005, only 15.8% of the families were in this per capita level.  Tocantins had the major reduction in this indicator:  the proportion of families headed by men with family income per capita up to ½ minimum salary changed from 54.9%, in 1995, to 37.5%, in 2005; in female heading, this number changed from 56.8% to 40.8%.

The average family income per capita of the poorest 40% was ½ minimum salary, while the 10% richest was 9.44 minimum salaries, which means, 19 times higher.  The situation, nevertheless, was worse than in 1995, when this relation was 23.3.
The Gini index (2) of family income fell from 0.559, in 2004, to 0.552, in 2005.  The Federal District (0.592) and the states of Piauí (0.589), Rio Grande do Norte (0.585) and Paraíba (0.569) had the highest values.  The lowest one was from Amazonas (0.459).

Women spend 25.2 weekly hours, on the average, with household activities
The population with 12 years or more of study almost doubled between 1995 and 2005, and the attendance to higher education almost tripled.  This increase occurred mainly in the female population, which presently is the majority in universities, as well as represents 56.1% of the population with 12 years or more of study.

While the male employed population with 12 years or more of study was distributed in industry (15.8%), trade and reparation (15.6%), education, health and social services (16.8%) and other activities (22.3%), in the case of women with this level of scholarship, 44.9% are in the group of education, health and social services.  In summary, women are mainly in the sector of services, in areas which may be considered extensions of domestic and family activities.

It is worth observing that, between 2004 and 2005, there was a slight increase of 0.4 percentage points in the proportion of women in the category of managers.  The major percentages of women in this category were in Brasília (8.0%) and in the metropolitan area of Curitiba (7.8%).

Even with the major participation of women in the labor market and the changes in the Brazilian familiar standards, the responsibility for the household activities still was predominantly female in 2005.  Among the employed women 92% declared taking care of household activities.  From 1995 to 2005 a slight increase in the participation of men in household activities (approximately 2 percentage points in the population from 10 years old or more) was observed while change slightly lower was observed in the employed population (0.8 p.p.).  The analysis of these indicators shows that still is distant an equal division of activities between men and women in the domestic work: on the average women spent 25.2 weekly hours in these activities compared to 9.8 hours of men.

Almost six millions persons lived alone in 2005
The units with people living alone had continuous growth in the last ten years, reaching almost six millions in 2005.  In the North Region, this kind of arrangement is less frequent, and its presence is more observed in the metropolitan areas of Porto Alegre (15.0%) and Rio de Janeiro (13.8%).  The major number of those who live alone are of persons with 60 years old or more (40.6%) and women (50.1%).

The average time from the marriage date to the judicial separation date recorded in 2005 was 12.1 years.  Marriages lasted less in Amazonas (9.7 years) and in Acre (10.3 years) and lasted more in Rio Grande do Sul (13.9 years) and Santa Catarina (13.5 years).

In 2005, 835,846 marriages occurred in Brazil.  Among the states, Acre had the highest marriage rate (3)  (9.6‰); and Amapá, the lowest (3.5‰).  Among the marriages observed, in 85.9% both partners were singles,   a percentage lower than the one of 2004 (86.4%).  From 1995 (91.2%) to 2005, there is a continuous decrease in the percentage of marriages between singles.  Amazonas had the highest percentage of marriages between singles in 2005 (97%); and Rio de Janeiro, the lowest (80.8%).

From 2004 to 2005, the proportion of teenagers with children changed from 6.8% to 7.1%
In 2005, the number of women in reproductive age was 51.2 millions being that from these 63% had at least one live birth.  In Acre this proportion was 71.9%, while the lowest proportion of women with children was registered in the metropolitan areas of São Paulo (58.2%).  The states which presented the highest changes in the proportion of women with children, between 2004 and 2005, were Amazonas (1.5 percentage points), Maranhão (1.3 p.p.) and Federal District (1.5 p.p.).  The other states, in a general way, had reduction in the proportion of women with children, especially Roraima (-5.0 p.p), Amapá (-1.8 p.p) and Mato Grosso (-1.8 p.p).

Despite the reduction in the average number of children by women in all the country, there was a slight increase in the proportion of girls from 15 to 17 years old with children, from 2004 to 2005, from 6.8% to 7.1%.  This increase occurred mainly in the North (1.6 percentage point) and Northeast (0.5 p.p.).

Another characteristic showed by the survey are the differences in the standard of fertility among the women according to the family income.  In 2005, among the poorest women in reproductive age, approximately 74% already had one child; while among those with family income per capita of 2 minimum salaries or more, the proportion was 49.2%.

The school enrollment rate of children from 0 to 6 years old reached the level of 40.3% in 2005, a positive change of 13.3 percentage points in relation to 1995.  In the North Region, nevertheless, only 30.6% of the children in this age group had access to education.

In relation to children from 0 to 3 years old, in 1995, the enrollment in nursery school was 7.6%, changing to 13.3%, in 2005.  Despite the growth, the percentage still was low, considering that a greater number of women were in the labor market.  The attendance to school in this age group was even more restricted to poorer families.  For the children from 0 to 3 years old the families with income per capita up to  ½ minimum salaries, the enrollment rate was 8.6%, considerably below  the average; while for the children of the families with income above 3 minimum salaries, the rate was 35.8%.

In the case of children from 4 to 6 years old, the school enrollment was higher and increased progressively in the last years:  from 53.5%, in 1995, to 72.7%, in 2005.  Among the children of this age group which belong to families with income per capita above 3 minimum salaries, 95.4% were in school.  From 1995 to 2005, scholarship also increased for the children of this age group among the poorest, from 41.9% to 64.5%.

Inequalities in the access to school begins among teenagers and increases later on with young persons 
In the age group from 7 to 14 years old, corresponding to the fundamental education, the school enrollment was almost universalized in 2005 in all the country - although, based in the dada of the Inep (Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira, related to the Ministry of Education), it is possible to affirm that only 53.5% of the students had concluded the last series of the fundamental education in an average period of ten years.

In the age group from 15 to 17 years old it could be observed an inequality of opportunities in the access to school in all the states, in the comparison by family income class per capita.  Among the poorest 20%, the lowest school frequency was observed in Pará (61.3%); and the highest, in Tocantins (87.3%).  Among the richest, the lowest frequency was in Rondônia (75.5%); and the highest, in the Federal District (97.5%).

It can also be observed that, between 1995 and 2005, the school enrollment in the group from 15 to 17 years old increased significantly, mainly among the lowest classes of income.  In the two fifths of lowest income, the relative changes of the enrollment rate were 37% and 35%.

In 2005, for the youth from 18 to 24 years old, the attendance to school was still more reduced, 31.6% for persons in this age group. In this case, the family income per capita was an evident element, causing that the schooling of the poorest 20% was almost half of the richest 20% (25.1% compared to 48.6%).  Besides this, more than half of youngsters in this age group (51.7%) were enrolled in grades lower than the recommended to the age.

As the age increases, the percentage of young people that only studies diminished, increasing the percentage of the ones that work and study or only work.  In the age group from 10 to 15 years old, 85.5% only studied; changing from 54.4% in the age group from 16 and 17 years old; 27.6% between 18 and 19 years old; and, finally, in the age group from 20 to 24 years old, the percentage was 10.5%.

Children work falls but, in 2005, there still were 5.4 million children and teenagers working
In 2005, in Brazil, there were 5.4 million persons from 5 to 17 years old working, being that 53.9% among them were younger than 16 years old. The children work is falling continuously in the last years.  For the age group from 10 to 17 years old, the labor force participation rate (4)   fell from 31.5% in 1995 to 23%, in 2005.

The children work in the inadequate age groups 5 to 15 years old occurs mainly in agricultural activities, while in the group from 16 to 17 years old the work is predominantly in non-agricultural activities.  The agricultural work is concentrated in the Northeast (55.2%) and predominantly among boys (74.2%), but girls increased the participation in this activity in 1.3 percentage points from 1995 to 2005.
In 2005, 76% of the children employed from 10 to 17 years old had began to work with less than 15 years old.  In Piauí this percentage was 94.2%.

In 2005, the state of Rio de Janeiro had the major participation of elders (13.5%) in its population
In 2005, the number of persons from 60 years old or more was more than 18 millions, corresponding to almost 10% of the Brazilian population.  This group, which increases every year, had 5 million persons more between 1995 and 2005

In the segment of elders, the group which had the major indexes of growth was of persons with 80 years old or more, which summed 2.4 millions in 2005.  It should be observed that, in this age group, chronic diseases, worse functional capacities and less autonomy are more observed, which consequently, requires more attention of the family and of the society.  Women are majority in this group, in a ratio of 62 men for each 100 women.

In the metropolitan areas of Porto Alegre, Belo Horizonte, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Recife, the number of elders above 80 years old is more than twice the one of men, showing female concentration in the great urban centers. 

In 1995, the major proportion of elders was found in the states of Paraíba (11.1%) Rio de Janeiro (10.8%) and Rio Grande do Sul (10.1%).  In 2005, the proportion of elders in Rio de Janeiro was 13.5% and in Rio Grande do Sul, 12.3%.  In this period, the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais (both with 10.5%) had results above the ones of Paraíba, which fell in the proportion (10.1%).

65.3% of elders were considered heads of households
The number of very poor elders, with average family income per capita up to ¼ minimum salary had a significant decrease in the Northeast as well as in the Southeast between 1995 and 2005. On the other hand, the number of families with elders with income per capita above 5 minimum salaries was constant in the Southeast and increased in the Northeast. The Federal District (23.0%) had the major proportion of persons with 60 years old or more which gained more than 5 minimum salaries, the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, with 15.3%, was in second place.

The importance of the elder in the family and in the Brazilian society could also be observed.  In 2005, 65.3% of the elders were considered persons of reference in the household.  In this proportion stood out Tocantins, with 70.8%.

In 2005, the North and Northeast Regions had the lowest proportions of elders that lived with their children and/or other relatives, 70.5% and 68.3% respectively.  This characteristic was observed in the areas with families with lower purchasing power.  In the South Region (47.7%), was registered the highest proportion of families of the type ninho vazio(empty nest) (couples without children and persons living alone).  In Rio Grande do Sul and in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, this type of family was greater than those with children, showing a higher degree of independence of elders.

The states of Goiás, Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul and the metropolitan areas of Porto Alegre and Rio de Janeiro registered more than 15% of elders living alone.   The proportion of elder women living alone are, in general higher, especially those with more than 70 years old, which in all the states of the Southeast and South Regions present proportions above 20%, reaching 28.5% in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre.

From 1995 to 2005, in the Southeast, there was increase in the proportion of persons above 60 years old, men and women, living alone.  In the Northeast, fell from 13.7% to 11.7% the proportion of elder women alone.

In 2005, there were 5.6 million elders working in all the country
In 2005, the proportion of retired elders and pensioners in Brazil was 78.2%, and only of retired persons 65.3%.  The proportion of pensioner men was very low, 3.2% compared to 33.3% of women in this condition. The Northeast was the area with the major proportion of retired persons, 72.2%.  Also in 2005, the retired elders, but employed were approximately 19%, or 3.4 million persons, being more representative those from 60 to 69 years old.

The employed elders were 30.2% of the total, or approximately 5.6 million persons.  The proportion was higher in the group from 60 to 64 years old, 46.7%, especially in the Northeast, with 53.1%.  Elder men worked more than women, 43% compared to almost 20%.  Among male elders with age above 70 years old, almost 28% were employed.  In the South, this percentage was 36.4%.

Racial inequalities persist
There has been decrease in the percentage of participation of the white population, which, in 2005, for the first time in two decades of systematic statistical researches by sample surveys, does not reach 50% of the Brazilian population.  This decrease is simultaneous to the increase of the population of black color, from 4.9% to 6.3%, and brown color, from 40.0% to 43.2%, confirming the trend, already found in the demographic censuses, of revaluation of the identity of racial groups historically discriminated. 

The inequalities between whites in one side blacks and browns in others, nevertheless, continued in the last ten years, despite the improvements observed between 1995 and 2005.

In relation to the illiteracy rate, for example, there was an overall decrease, and even slightly more for blacks (42%) than for browns (32.8%) and whites (35.7%).  Nevertheless, this indicator for blacks (14.6%) and browns (15.6%) continued, in 2005, more than twice than for whites (7.0%).  The functional illiteracy rate (5)   also has been falling more for the black population (decrease of slightly more than 40%) than for whites (almost 32%) and browns (approximately 34%). Nevertheless, in the same way, the differences in the indicator remain among whites (17.5%), blacks (28.7%) and browns (29.9%).

The same occurs with the school enrollment rate, except for the group from 7 to 14 years old.  In the group from 20 to 24 years old, for example, the difference between the schooling rate of blacks and browns, by one side, and whites, on the other side, was approximately 29.5% in favor of the last ones.  This scenario was even more unfavorable for blacks and browns in the areas with better educational conditions, such as the South, where the difference of school enrollment between the two racial groups reached 70.3% for the persons between 20 and 24 years old.

For the students between 18 and 24 years old, it can be observed that, in 2005, while more than half of whites were enrolled in higher education (slightly more than 51%), almost the same proportion of blacks and browns were still enrolled in secondary instruction (almost 50%) and only 19% were enrolled in university. Whites had on the average more years of study (7.9) than blacks and browns (slightly more than 6.0) in 2005. However, the gain obtained by the total population of 1.5 years of study between 1995 and 2005 had difference results for the color groups: 1.5 years for whites, 2.2 years for blacks and 1.7 years for browns.

In the previous year, while whites represented 26.5% of the poorest 10% and 88% of the richest 1%, blacks and browns were almost 74% among the poorest and slightly more than 11% of the richest.  Similarly,   while in the poorest 10%, there are almost 15% of the black and brown population and slightly more than 5% of the whites, in the richest 10%, these values change position.

61.1% of households had public services of complete sanitation
The proportion of Brazilian households in urban areas increased by 80.7%, in 1995, to 84.5% in 2005.  In the period, the number of urban households increased from 31.4 million to 44.9 million, an increase of 42.8%.

The percentage of urban households with 1/2 minimum salary of average monthly income per capita fell from 21.1% to 20.7%, from 1995 to 2005.  However, in 2004, the result had been 19.4%.  In the Northeast, in 1995, 41.7% of the urban households were in this income class and, in 2005, the proportion fell to 39.7%. Still in this region, stood out Maranhão which, in 1995, had 53.3% of the households in this monthly income of 1/2 minimum salary per capita, percentage that, in 2005, fell to 46.9%.  Alagoas had growth in this  indicator, from 45% to 46.1% in the analyzed period – the same occurred with the metropolitan areas of  Recife (from 31.8% in 1995 to 34.2% in the last year).  These results are significantly above the national situation and of the South and Southeast Regions, which have percentages of 12.5% and 13.7% respectively, in  2005.  In the North Region, the result changed from 33.5%, in 1995, to 31.8%, in 2005.

The Summary of Social Indicators investigated the households with public services of complete sanitation, which means, those who have access to water supply with internal canalization, are connected to sewage disposal and/or pluvial system and have refuse disposal directly in the household.  In 2005, 61.1% of the Brazilian households were included in this classification.  For the Major Regions, significant differences may be observed.  In the North, 8.8% of the households had access to services of basic sanitation, in the Northeast, 34.5%.  The Southeast had the best result in the country (83.4%); followed by the South Region (80.7%) and the Central West Region (36%).

In 2005, in relation to the previous year, the metropolitan area of Curitiba had increase in the number of households with basic sanitation, of 12.9 percentage points, changing from 74.9%, in 2004, to 87.8%, in 2005.

Female employment continues to increase

In 2005, the economically active population summed 96 million persons, from which 56.4% were men and 43.6%, women.  It could be observed that in the last ten years the distribution of the PEA by sex had a significant change, with reduction of the male participation and increase of the female participation by 3.2 percentage points.

The participation of the population in active-age in the labor market changed from 61.3%, in 1995, to 62.8%, in 2005.  In the same period, the participation in the labor market of children and teenagers (10 to 14 years old) fell from 20.4% to 11.5% and, in the age group from 15 to 17 years old, from 50.9% to 41.3%.  The school attendance of children and teenagers in these age groups changed from 89.8% to 97% and from 66.6% to 82%.

In the same period, there also was reduction of the participation in the labor market of the population from 65 years old or more, mainly among men with decrease from 40.5% to 34.4%.

In 2005, among women the unemployment rate was 12.2%, while among men it was of 7.1%, a difference of approximately 5 percentage points.  In 1995, this difference was lower (2 p.p.), which shows an intensification of the female participation in the labor market.

In 1995, the unemployment reached mainly the population which had between 5 and 8 years of study.  In 2005, the population with secondary instruction was the one that had more difficulty to find work.  In the last 10 years, the scholarship of the labor force increased, but this change in the profile of unemployment also shows that the labor market is requiring more.

Between 1995 and 2005, the employment with a formal contract increased by 3.2 percentage points
From 1995 to 2005, in the employed population, increased the participation of employment with a formal contract (in 3.2 percentage points) and fell the one of non-remunerated work (3.6 p.p.).  The highest increase in employment with a formal contract occurred in Goiás (9.4 p.p.) and in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre (7.6 p.p.).  Among the women these results were more significant: with an increase of 3.7 percentage points in the employment with a formal contract and a reduction of 4.0 percentage points in non-remunerated work.  It was in Santa Catarina that the female employment with a formal contract most increased in the period (8.9 percentage points).

From 1995 to 2005, the average income of the employed persons fell by 12.7%. However the average income of 2005, in relation to 2004, increased by 4.6%.  Besides this, there were increases in all the categories which earned the lowest incomes and with the lowest rates of formalization: the employed persons without a formal contract and the household workers.  The average income of the employed persons without a formal contract increased by 5.1%, changing from R$ 466.40 in 1995, to R$ 490.20 in 2005.  In the case of household workers, the average income changed from R$ 358.10 to R$ 401.80, an increase of 12.1%.  The increase in the income in these categories was more significant among women.

Regarding the hour-income, between 1995 and 2005 there was decrease in all the levels of scholarship, mainly among the employed persons with secondary instruction (reduction by 31%).  In the Southeast, the decrease of the income for this population was of 35.4%.

The income-hour of 2005 in relation to the previous year increased in practically all the levels of scholarship, except for the employed persons with up to 4 years of study.  The highest increase of income-hour was observed in the Central West (10.9%) and in the Northeast (6.5%).  Alagoas had the major increase in relation to 2004 (24.1%), and the major decrease was in Maranhão (-13.3%).  Among the schooled persons (12 years or more of study), the major increase of hour-income was in the Central West (7.7%).

The difference of income among the richest 10% and the poorest 40% decreased
In 1995, among the employed persons, the income of the richest 10% was 21.2 times greater than the income of the poorest 40%.  In 2005, this relation changed to 15.8.  The region in which the inequality in the labor market mostly decreased in the period was the South, and among the states the major reduction occurred in Alagoas (8.8 points), while Piauí had an increase of 8.5 points in the relation of inequality among the average income of the richest 10% and the poorest 40% of the employed persons.

School lagging reaches 36.4% of the students of the 8th grade
Brazil, in 2005, had approximately 14.9 million persons of 15 years or more illiterate according to data of the PNAD of that year, corresponding to 11% of the population.  Of this total, 37.7% were persons of 60 years old or more, 18.9% from 50 to 59 years old, 16.8% from 40 to 49 years old and 13.9% from 30 to 39 years old. In Latin America, countries such as Argentina and Chile had only residual rates of illiteracy (approximately 3%).  From 1995 to 2005, the rates fell 5 percentage points in the urban areas (11.4% to 8.4%) and 7.7 p.p. in the rural areas (from 32.7% to 25.0%). Alagoas (29.3%) and Piauí (27.4%) had the highest rates, similarly as in 1995 when, in those states, the rates were around 35%.

The functional illiterate rate was 23.5%, in 2005. Between 1995 and 2005, there was reduction, but the regional inequalities continue considerably high.

In 2005, the crude rate of school enrollment (proportion of those who attend school) of teenagers from 15 to 17 years old (81.7%) increased considerably (approximately 15 percentage points), in relation to 1995. However, still was low the net enrollment rate (age-series adjustment): only 45.3% were enrolled in secondary instruction, value above the one of 2004 (44.4%).

From 1995 to 2005, the proportion of students in each series of elementary instruction fell significantly in each series of elementary instruction which had up to 2 years above the recommended age.  In the Southeast, in the first as well as in the eighth series, the indexes fell 50%.  In the Northeast there also was reduction, but the values still were considerably high.

Among the students from 18 to 24 years old, 14.4% still were enrolled in elementary instruction
Among the students from 18 to 24 years old, continues the problem of school lagging.  In 2005, 14.4% still were enrolled in elementary instruction and 37.3% in secondary instruction.  Only 35.9% were enrolled in higher education.  This indicator, however, improved since 1995.

Almost 90% of the students of elementary instruction attended public schools, without significant regional differentiations.  In secondary instruction, fell slightly the attendance to public establishments reaching, on the average, 85.6% of the students.  In the case of higher instruction, the situation changes: the majority (75.3%) attends private schools.  In the Northeast the distribution is more similar (40.1% in the public compared to 59.9% in private), but the situation is considerably different in the Southeast, were prevail students of higher education in private schools (83.4% compared to 16.6% in public institutions).

Only in the Federal District the scholarship of students of 15 years or more was higher than elementary instruction
In Brazil, the population of 15 years old or more had, on the average, 7 years of study in 2005.  The lowest average was found in Alagoas, 4.8.  Only in the Federal District the average scholarship was higher than elementary instruction (9 years).  Children of 10 years old or more had only 2.6 years of study, on the average, or a delay of more than one year.

The average scholarship of the population of 25 years old or more was 6.5 years of study.  However for the persons between the 20% highest income, the average was 10 years of study, showing that the family income is the prevailing factor in the increase of the scholarship of the population.

Metropolitan Area of São Paulo concentrated 10.5% of the population
In 2005, the Southeast, South and Central West Regions concentrated 64.3% of the Brazilian population, or approximately 118.6 million habitants. In the Southeast there were 78.6 million persons and in, the metropolitan area of São Paulo there were 19.4 million, or 10.5% of the population of the country. This absolute value was higher than any other of the 26 federative units.  In 2050, Brazil will have 259.8 million inhabitants, a growth of 40.9%, or more 75.3 million persons.

The ratio of sex is decreasing: in 2005, it was 95 men for every 100 women.  All the metropolitan areas have ratio below this average.  The urbanization rate (proportion of persons resident in urban areas) was 82.8%.

Between 1995 and 2005, the crude birth rates (number of live births per thousand inhabitants, in the year) changed from 21.9‰ to 20.4‰.  Hence, the fertility total rate (average number of children per women) fell from 2.5 to 2.3 children.  In the same period, the percentage of children and teenagers from 0 to 14 years old in the population fell from 32.2% to 26.5%.  This proportion must reach 17.8%, in 2050.

There also was a considerable increase in the population of 70 years old or more, estimated in 8.1 millions (4.4% of the population).  This age group will sum 34.3 million elders in 2050, or 13.2% of the population.

The dependence ratio is the proportion among the potentially inactive persons (children from 0 to 14 years old and elders from 65 years old or more) and the potentially active (between 15 and 64 years old).  In 1995, this ratio was of 61.0 children and elders for each 100 persons in active age, reaching 50.0%, in 2005.  In the Southeast the lowest ratio of dependence was observed (45.6%), and North (60.9%) and Northeast (56.6%) had results above the average.

Since 1995, the infant mortality fell by 32%
The infant mortality rate fell almost 32% between 1995 and 2005 (from 37.9‰ to 25.8‰).  The relative increase in the number of households with adequate basic sanitation had been contributing for this result. Rio Grande do Sul registered the lowest infant mortality rate in 2005 (14.3‰) and Alagoas (53.7‰), the highest.

Between 1995 and 2005, the expectancy of life at birth increased by 3.4 years, reaching 71.9 years of age.  Women (from 72.3 to 75.8 years old) were in a better situation than men (from 64.8 to 68.1 years old).  In the period, the crude mortality rate fell from 6.6‰ to 6.3‰.  This decrease, as well as the reduction of fertility, contributed to an absolute and relative increase of the elder population.

Less instructed women have more children
Women with up to 3 years of study have on the average, more than twice as much of children than women with 8 years or more of study. Considering color or race lowest levels of fertility can be observed in the segment of white women than of black and brown women. 

In 2005, the rates of fertility of white women in the Southeast (1.7 child per woman), South (1.9) and Central West (1.9) were already below the level of reposition (2.0 children per women), while the ones of brown and black women in the North Region was estimated in 2.6 child per woman.

According to information of the Civil Register 2005, 19.9% of the children born in that year originated from teenage mothers, proportion which was higher in the North Region, especially Tocantins, Pará and Acre.  With values below the national average are the Federal District, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul.  Between 1995 and 2005, Piauí and Ceará had the major increases relative to the proportion of live births of teenage mothers: 54.1% and 39.7%, respectively.

Northeast persons still prevail among migrants
The distribution of the population among the Major Regions of current residence, according to the place of born, in 2005, maintained the same tendencies of the beginning of the decade of 1990 showing a certain stability of the migrant Brazilian trends. Northeast and South with 97.1% and 94.0%, respectively, are the two regions with the major proportions of resident population whose place of born is the same region.

The group of major participation among Brazilian immigrants is from the Northeast, with 54.1%.  The Southeast continues to be the major attraction pole of northeastern persons:  67.3% of them directed themselves to this region.  The second major group of immigrants was born in the Southeast (20.2% of the total of immigrants), directing in their majority to the Central West Region (35.1%).  Among the 696,807 immigrants, almost 71% had as destiny the Southeast.  The Southeast absorbed the majority (50.2%) of the immigrants, a total of 9,877,897 persons.  Among these, 72.5% were born in the Northeast.  Among the 1,621,152 immigrants in the South, 6.9% (or 112,102) were foreigners, a number above those who came from the Central West (5.9) and North (3.5%).

Notes

(1)With 60 years old or more.

(2)Measure of level of concentration of a distribution, whose value changes from zero (perfect equality) to one (highest inequality).

(3)The rate of legal marriage is obtained by the division of the number of marriages by the number of habitants and multiplying the result by 1000.  In this group, were considered the marriages and population above 15 years old.

(4) Percentage of persons of 10 years old or more that are employed or searching for a job which means, in the labor market.

(5) Four years less of study.