The GDP of Municipalities shows that, in 2004, the concentration of the wealth produced in the country was maintained: in 1999, seven municipalities accounted for 25% of the national GDP; five years later, the same percentage was divided among ten municipalities. The same way, the trend of decrease of participation of the capital in the production of wealth remains, in spite of the contribution of other municipalities in the metropolitan areas of these capitals, and of the municipalities out of urban centers. 

 

From 2003 to 2004, Manaus had the biggest increase in terms of participation in the Brazilian GDP, whereas São Paulo (SP) had the biggest decrease. The city however, is still the leader of the ranking. In relation to GDP per capita, among the metropolitan areas, São Paulo lost the first position for Porto Alegre. In the analysis by productive sector, in 2004, Sorriso (MT) started to have the highest level of participation in the value added of agriculture; Rio de Janeiro lost positions in the ranking of industry for Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ) ands Manaus (AM); Brasília (DF). Osasco (SP) and Fortaleza (CE) were the municipalities with biggest gain in terms of participation in the services; the activity of public administration accounted for over 70% of the GDP in 39 municipalities.

 

In 2004, as in 2003, only 10 of the 5560 Brazilian municipalities (in which lived 15.1% of the population of the country) concentrated 25% of the GDP; 68 municipalities accounted for half of all the wealth produced in the national territory. On the other hand, 1295 municipalities (3.7% of the population) accounted for 1% of the GDP. This distribution, when compared to that of 1999, shows slight deconcentration. In that year, seven municipalities already made up 25% of the GDP, and 61% were responsible for half of the income.

 

The ten municipalities which made up 25% of the GDP in 2004 were, in decreasing order, São Paulo (SP), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Brasília (DF), Manaus (AM), Belo Horizonte (MG), Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ), Curitiba (PR), Macaé (RJ), Guarulhos (SP) and Duque de Caxias (RJ). In relation to 2002, the first six positions remain unaltered, with gains of position by Curitiba and Macaé.

The participation of the capital of Paraná (Curitiba) changed from 1.00%, in 2003, to 1.08%, in 2004, which caused it to move from the eighth to the seventh position in the ranking. Macaé, whose relative participation increased from 0.91%, in 2003, to 1.04%, in 2004, also advanced. This municipality in the state of Rio de Janeiro, which was not among those with the highest GDP figures before, entered the ranking in the eighth position. The main activity which contributed to this result was mining and quarrying industry, especially petroleum. In 2004, the price of the petroleum barrel rose by about 25% (in R$) in relation to the previous year. There was also increment of the industrial activity in the sector of equipment for the petroleum industry.

 

Despite the gain in relative participation, from 0.99%, in 2003, to 1.02%, in 2004, Duque de Caxias, which holds the main plant for production of petroleum derivatives in the state of Rio de Janeiro, lost one position in the ranking – it moved from the 9th to the 10th place. Guarulhos, even having maintained the same level of relative participation (1.03%), moved from the seventh to the ninth place.

 

Porto Alegre (RS) lost positions in the ranking (from the 10^th to the 13^th place), and is now out of the group of the ten highest GDP. Its participation decreased from 0.94% to 0.90%. The most relevant sectors in this municipality, industry and services, increased below the rate of the state.

 

The five municipalities with the lowest GDP, in 2004, were São Félix do Tocantins (TO), Santo Antônio dos Milagres (PI), São Miguel da Baixa Grande (PI), Ipueiras (TO) and Oliveira de Fátima (TO). The aggregation of their GDP represented approximately 0.001% of the overall.

 

The 10% of municipalities with the highest GDP figures, generated, in 2004, 20.4 times more wealth than the 50% of municipalities with the lowest GDP. The Southeast, where this difference was bigger (32.1 in 2004), presented stability of the indicator throughout the series. On the other extreme, the South Region had the lowest dispersion coefficient (8,8).

 

Between 2003 and 2004, Manaus had the biggest gain of participation in the national GDP; São Paulo, the biggest decrease

 

The analysis of the gains and losses of relative participation in the GDP of 2004, in relation to 1999, was done considered the municipalities with at least 0.5% of the Gross Domestic product, that is, 25 municipalities, which aggregated 35.5% of the wealth produced in the country.

 

The municipalities with the highest gains (%) were: Campos dos Goytacazes (0.8%), Macaé (0.8%), Manaus (0.4%), Camaçari (BA) (0.3%), Paulínia (SP) (0.2%), Duque de Caxias (0.2%), Brasília (0.2%), São Francisco do Conde (BA) (0.1%) and Betim (MG) (0.1%).The increase of participation occurred due to the growth of the industrial sector, especially of petroleum extraction and refining, except in Brasília, where the gain was due to other services. On the other hand, the municipalities with the biggest losses were: São Paulo (-2.5%), Rio de Janeiro (-1.4%), Porto Alegre (-0.2%), Curitiba (-0.2%) e Salvador (BA) (-0.2%).

 

In terms of relative participation in the two-year period of 2003-2004, 17 municipalities had gains. The biggest ones occurred in Manaus (0.2%), Macaé (0.1%), Campos dos Goytacazes (0.1%), Camaçari (0.1%) and São José dos Campos (0.1%). The biggest losses were those in São Paulo (-0.4%) and Rio de Janeiro (-0.2%).

 

In the ranking of capitals, between 2003 and 2004, the first seven positions were maintained. In this period, Fortaleza (CE) increased its participation n the national GDP from 0.81% to 0.89%. In the capital of Ceará, in 2004, all the activities of services grew, especially the real estate and public administration sectors. The performances of the sectors of transportation, trade and lodging were connected to tourism and related activities, which were of great relevance in Ceará, and more specifically, in Fortaleza.  

 

Florianópolis (SC), despite keeping its participation in the GDP of the country (0.24%), gained two positions in the ranking, due to a small loss of participation of the capitals of Sergipe and Paraíba.

 

In the group of capitals, there has been reduction of percentage participation in the period 1999-2004, in spite of the municipalities located out of the main urban centers[sup]1[/sup].

In 1999, the capitals held 31.9% of the national GDP and after five years the participation fell to 27.9%. The other municipalities in the metropolitan areas of capitals had moderate growth: from 22.1%, in 1999, to 22.7%, in 2004. The participation of municipalities located out of the metropolitan areas of capitals increased, changing from 46.0%, in 1999, to 49.4%, in 2004. For this group, however, there was slight decrease in relation to 2003 (49.7%).  

 

In the same period, Manaus had the biggest gain in percent participation among the capitals (0.4%), whereas São Paulo, despite having the highest GDP in this group, had the biggest loss (-2.5%). While the participation of capitals of the Southeast, South and Central West (except Brasília) decreased, in the North Region, the participation of all of them increased, except in the case of Belém (PA). In the Northeast, only Natal (RN), João Pessoa (PB), Maceió (AL) and Aracaju (SE) had increase of participation.

 

In Rondônia, Tocantins and Paraíba, the participation of capitals in the state GDP increased, differently form other municipalities. On the other hand, in Pará, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina, the municipalities out of the main urban centers obtained more space.

 

In Pará, the biggest gains occurred in Barcarena (3.5%), Tucuruí (2.5%) and Marabá (1.4%), being the highlights the industry of metallurgy and chemistry in Barcarena, the production of electricity in Tucuruí, the industry of steel, production of iron, food and beverages industry in Marabá. In Rio Grande do Norte, the biggest increases occurred in the municipalities of Macau (1.4%) and Guamaré (1.2%), which are important to the production of petroleum and marine salt. In Rio de Janeiro, the biggest gains occurred due to the industry of petroleum and natural gas, in the municipalities of Macaé (5.9%), Campos dos Goytacazes (5.8%) and Rio das Ostras (2.4%). In Santa Catarina, the highlight was Jaraguá do Sul (1.3%), which forms together with Joinville the metal-mechanic plant in the state.  

 

In the state of São Paulo, the deconcentration of the economic activity was seen by the expansion of the municipalities in the metropolitan area of the capital. The most significant gains occurred in Guarulhos (0.2%) and São Bernardo do Campo (0.02%); in both cases due to the performance of industry.

 

 

Areas in which the economy is strong even out of urban centers

In 2004, 49.4% of the GDP of the country was out of the big urban centers. In the period from 1999 to 2004, this participation increased by 3.4%.

Southeast – Petroleum and industry stimulate municipal economy

The five biggest GDP of the Region were registered in Campos dos Goytacazes (RJ), Macaé (RJ), São José dos Campos (SP), Sorocaba (SP) and Uberlândia (MG).

Considering the petroleum extraction industry as the main productive activity, the first two municipalities had, together, 2.25% of the national GDP. São José dos Campos (1.0% of the national GDP) has industrial activity concentrated in sectors of high technological density, such as airplane/naval industry, automotive industry, industry of chemicals and high-quality glasses. The municipality also has a refinery which, in 2004, increased the use of its installed capacity from 78% to 94%. Sorocaba, with 0.48% of the national GDP, has a strong and diversified industry, with a developed network of services.  

 

Uberlândia, located in the area known as Minas Triangle (0.455 of the national GDP), has among its important activities the wholesale and retail trade of alcohol and of other fuels, and wholesale trade of goods in general. It has universities and a strategically located position. The municipality also has a transportation system which connects it to other cities in Minas Gerais, Goiás and São Paulo. It also has diverse industrial activity (agroindustry, food and tobacco industry) and agriculture (aviculture, cattle, hogs and pigs, soybeans, oranges and corn).

 

South – Paranaguá (PR) and Blumenau (SC) are the highlights in 2004

 

 

The highlights in the area were Caxias do Sul (RS), Joinville (SC), Paranaguá (PR), Londrina (PR) and Blumenau (SC). Paranaguá and Blumenau started in the list in 2004, due to the exclusion of two municipalities. Foz do Iguaçu (PR) left the ranking after the reduction of production of the electricity plan installed there; Rio Grande (RS) had, in 2004, a very bad performance in terms of petroleum refining.  

 

Caxias do Sul (0.46% of the national GDP) is a metal-mechanic center, an important place for the production of tractors, buses, trucks, vehicle trunks and parts. Joinville (0.41% of the country’s GDP) has industry as its main economical activity. Paranaguá, where the services sector is the highlight, accounted for 0.24% of the national GDP. It houses the main national port, and industry is also important there. In 2004, it became the fourth major industrial municipality in Paraná, due to the significant increase of the fertilizer production. Londrina (0.24% of the GDP) has services as its main activity, especially the trade of goods and real estate activities, besides being the highlight in terms of construction. 

 

Blumenau, located in the Itajaí Valley, economic activities are aimed at the industrial sector, especially the production of textiles. Its contribution to the national GDP was 0.23%.

 

Northeast – Main activities related to services and agriculture

 

The five major municipalities in terms of GDP in 2004 were Feira de Santana (BA), Campina Grande (PB), Ilhéus (BA), Canindé de São Francisco (SE) and Petrolina (PE).

 

Feira de Santana, which integrates “the drought polygon”, is located in one of the main road encounters in the interior of the country. This situation affects the economy, and turns the commercial sector there into the most important one in economic terms. It also has an industrial plant of great importance to the sectors of chemistry, electric material and transportation, food products, household appliances, footwear, apparel and metallurgy. It held 0.15% of the GDP of the country.

 

Campina Grande (with 0.12% of the national GDP) became an important commercial and services center in Paraíba. In 2004, the industrial sector had a good performance, especially in terms of apparel and footwear. The municipality is a big exporter of software for exports and also had two universities.

 

Ilhéus, in the southern coast of Bahia, contributed 0.10% to the Brazilian GDP. It has significant industrial value added, especially in the computer science field, with microcomputer assembly lines, and an apparel manufacturing industry. It also has trade and other services of extreme relevance, since it holds the third biggest port of Bahia. Finally, it is a big tourist area in the Northeast Region.

 

Canindé de São Francisco is the highlight due to a hydroelectric power plant with 15,7 million megawatts generated annually and distributed to the states of the Northeast region. It accounted for 0.10% of the country’s GDP. Petrolina has its economy focused on agriculture, and accounted for 0.09% of the Brazilian GDP in 2004. The highlight was irrigated production of fruit, and the main products were grapes, mangoes, guavas, bananas and coconuts from Bahia. It is one of the municipalities which presented the biggest increments to the regional economy of Pernambuco, resulting in the updating of its airport, which is now an international one.

 

North Region – Municipalities in Pará stand out supported by mineral industry

        

The highlights for the area were Barcarena (PA), Coari (AM), Tucuruí (PA), Marabá (PA) and Parauapebas (PA), which, together, accounted for 0.55% of the country’s GDP.  

 

In Barcarena, the highlights were the activities of metallurgy and chemistry, with over 40% of the employed persons in the sector in the sector of metallurgy and the presence of big industrial plants producing alumina and aluminum derivatives. In 2004, Coari was the main petroleum producing  municipality in Amazonas, with the production of petroleum and cooking gas. 

 

Tucuruí, Parauapebas and Marabá have big mineral industries. In Tucuruí, there was the second main hydroelectric power plant in Brazil. Marabá is a commercial center, with a network of distribution to southern Pará, where there are a big number of mineral-metallurgy industries, being iron the main product of the municipality. Parauapebas owns a big company which produces hematite (iron).

  

Central West – Agroindustry is one of the highlights of the area

 

 

Anápolis (GO), Rio Verde (GO), Catalão (GO), Dourados (MS) and Rondonópolis (MT) were the highlights and accounted, together, for 0.51% of the national GDP.

 

Anápolis, with a strategic position in Goiás, had big distribution centers and pharmaceutical industries, especially for the production of generic medicines. The municipality also had a education center for technical and higher education, which guarantees the preparation of local manpower.

 

In Rio Verde, in the southwestern part of the state, is located one of the main agroindustry areas of Brazil, with companies of the sector of paper and  packaging. The municipality was, in 2004, the second in terms of production of soybeans and the third one in terms of production of milk in Goiás. There, the three sectors of economic activity (agriculture, industry and services) had relevant participations.

 

In Catalão, the highlights are the mineral-chemical and metal-mechanic. There were found headquarters of companies of the mineral and fertilizer fields, besides agriculture machines and car assembly companies. Dourados appeared as an agriculture and agroindustry center, being the highlight the food product industry – which came as an expansion of the sectors of cold storage of hogs and pigs and poultry – and the production of grains, with the increase in 2004, especially of soybeans and corn. Rondonópolis had as its main activities: trade and manufacturing industry, especially of food products.

 

 New municipalities increase their participation in GDP

 

The 53 Brazilian municipalities created after 2001 accounted for 0.17% of the national GDP that year, and for 0.22% in 2004. Once more, the highlight in this group was Luís Eduardo Magalhães (BA) which, in 2004, accounted for 0.06% of the GDP in the country and for 1.27% of the GDP in the state. The municipality, a big producer of soybeans which has a diverse industrial park for food industry, had, among those new municipalities, the highest level of participation in the country, the lowest relative participation in the state and the highest gain in terms of relative participation in the series.

 

Araporã (MG) is now among the ten highest municipal GDP per capita

 

In 2004, the ten highest figures for municipal GDP per capita were those of São Francisco do Conde (BA), Triunfo (RS), Quissamã (RJ), Porto Real (RJ), Paulínia (SP), Carapebus (RJ), Rio das Ostras (RJ), Cascalho Rico (MG), Araporã (MG) and Macaé (RJ).

São Francisco do Conde houses the second biggest refinery plant, in terms of installed capacity of production of barrels in the country. Triunfo, the headquarters of an important petrochemical plant in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, has low population density. Quissamã, Carapebus, Rio das Ostras and Macaé, benefited by the exploration of petroleum and natural gas, are considered a Major Zone for Petroleum Production. Almost all of the municipalities (except Macaé) also have low population concentration.

 

In Porto Real, which also has low population density, there has been increase of car industry since 2001. From 2003 to 2004, the municipality moved from the seventh to the fourth position in the ranking of the biggest GDP per capita in the country. In Paulínia is located the refinery with the highest installed capacity of production of barrels in the country (360 thousand barrels/day).

 

Araporã, a municipality with low demographic density, has the biggest hydroelectric plant in Minas Gerais. In comparison with 2003, there was increase of energy, and it entered the ranking for the first time in 2004. The third biggest hydroelectric plant in Minas was located in Cascalho Rico, a municipality has low population density. Besides the plant, the municipality had an industrial unit which worked on the sector of cooling, preparation and manufacturing of dairy products.

 

 

The municipality of Apicum-Açu (MA) was the lowest GDP per capita in the country, R$ 763,36. Among the muncipalities with the 100 lowest GDP per capita, 57 were from municipalities in Maranhão; 1 in Piauí; 25 in Ceará; 2 in Bahia; 10 in Alagoas; 4 in Pará; 1 in Tocantins.

 

In relation to capitals, the highlights were Vitória, with the highest GDP per capita, followed by Brasília, Manaus, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre and Florianópolis. These positions have not changed since 2002.

 

All the capitals in the Southeast and South Regions had GDP per capita above the GDP for Brazil, whereas, in the Northeast, no capital had GDP per capita above the national figure. In the north and Central West Regions, the only capitals which had GDP per capita above the figure for Brazil were Manaus, Brasília and Cuiabá.    

 

  

RJ and SE have the highest concentration of municipal GDP per capita

 

The GDP per capita of the 10% of municipalities with the highest GDP per capita was 8.9 times higher than the 50% of municipalities with the lowest GDP per capita. In the Southeast Region, the indicator in 2004 was 7,2. In 2002,there was a change of level: in previous years, this figure was 4.5. The South Region had been presenting the lowest indicators, but in 2004, the figure relative to the Central west region (3.7) became lower for the first time.  

 

The calculation of this indicator by Federative Unit shows that the states of Rio de Janeiro, Sergipe and Mato Grosso do Sul had results which diverged from those in the Regions to which they belong.

 

Considering Rio de Janeiro, the indicator in 2004 was 22.7, whereas in the other states of the Southeast Region it was about 5.5. This shows the big concentration of income per capita in Rio de Janeiro. Something similar happened in Sergipe, with an indicator of 14,5, while in the Northeast Region all the remaining states had a rate of 6,5. In Mato Grosso do Sul, there was the opposite movement: whereas the indicator in the state was 2.9 (one of the lowest in the country), that of the Central West was 3.7, and in the remaining states of the Region, 5.6. This fact shows that Mato Grosso do Sul had bigger concentration.

 

 

In 2004, the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre, for the first time in the series, had the highest GDP per capita among the five metropolitan areas, and São Paulo moved to the second position. Both areas had figures for GDP per capita of about R$ 14,400. The metropolitan area of Salvador (R$14,037) was the only one in the Northeast Region to have GDP per capita above the national figure.

 

In 2004, Sorriso (MT) becomes the leader in terms of participation in the value of agriculture

 

Agriculture is the economic activity of lowest concentration in the country, with Gini index of 0.62 in 2004. The highest Gini index was that of Rio Grande do Norte (0.75), due to the development of irrigated production of fruit. The states of São Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Gross concentrated the municipalities with the highest figures for value added of agriculture. On the other hand, the areas with lower value added of agriculture were in Rio Grande do Norte, Piauí and Paraíba.

 

 

In 2003, 164 municipalities had 25% of the value added of agriculture in Brazil; in 2004, there were already 176 municipalities. Nevertheless, 906 municipalities aggregated only 1% of value added of agriculture. The following table shows the 16 municipalities with the highest figures for value added of agriculture which, together, made up about 5% of the total, in 2004 (there were 17 municipalities in 2003).

 

Sorriso reached the top of the ranking, after having the fifth position in 2003. The productive structure of the municipality was based on the agriculture of grains, being the main ones soybeans, rice, corn and cotton. In Itápolis, oranges were the major product, followed by sugarcane. Petrolina was the main producer of mangos and guavas in the country; the second most important producer of grapes and their third major producer of coco-da-baía. Mogi Guaçu, Itapetininga, Aguaí and Casa Branca were big orange producers. In Bastos, the highlight was production of hens and eggs.

 

Toledo, which fell from the third to the eighth position in the ranking of agriculture, from 2003 to 2004, had the economy based on agribusiness, especially on the slaughter of poultry and hogs and pigs and on the production of soybeans. The municipality had its performance jeopardized by the embargo to Brazilian meat, which has made the volume exported to fall between 2003 and 2004. Besides, the dry period (from January to March) caused interruption of production of soybeans.

 

Considering the municipalities which represented at least 0.1% of the value of agriculture, the ones which accounted for the highest gains of participation in the series 1999-2004 were Sorriso (0.28%), Aguaí (0.21%), Sapezal (0.17%) Tapurah (MT) (0.17%) and Nova Mutum (0.17%). In general, gain occurred due to soybeans and oranges. In the same type of analysis and considering the relative participation in the period of two years 2003-2004, the biggest highlights were Aguaí (0.12%), Sorriso (0.11%), Bastos (0.07%), Nova Mutum (0.07%) and Sapezal (0.07%).

 

Rio de Janeiro loses positions for Campos and Manaus in the ranking of industry

Industry remains as the most concentrated economic activity in the country, with Gini index of 0.92. The highest Gini index (0.97) was that of Amazonas, and the lowest one, in Rondônia and Mato Grosso do Sul (0.79). The states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo also had high industrial value added, whereas the areas with the lowest industrial value added were in Piauí, Tocantins and Roraima.

 

In 2004, as in 2003, only nine municipalities concentrated ¼ of the value added of industry. Fifty municipalities accounted for half of the wealth generated by this sector. A total of 3,059 municipalities accounted, in 2004, for 1% of the value of industry. The figures reinforced the concentration in the sector.  

 

The municipality of São Paulo remained as the main industrial zone in Brazil, with relative participation of 8.25%, despite its decrease of participation since 200, when it accounted for 11.20% of the value of the Brazilian industry. In second place were Manaus (2.82%) and Campos dos Goytacazes (2.66%), which, in 2004, surpassed the municipality of Rio de Janeiro (2.62%).

 

In an analysis of the municipalities which held at least 0.5% of the value of industry in 2004, almost all of those which had most gains in terms of relative participation in the series had petroleum as significant element, except Manaus.  

 

Considering the period 2003-2004, the municipalities which gained most in terms of participation were Manaus (0.4%), Macaé (0.3%), Campos do Goytacazes (0.2%), Camaçari (0.2%) and São José dos Campos (0.2%). The municipalities which had most decreases in the series were São Paulo (-2.3%) and Rio de Janeiro (-1.8%).

 

 

Brasília, Osasco (SP) and Fortaleza had most increases of participation in services

 

 

In terms of concentration, the value added of services behaves similarly to the GDP. The Gini index, in Brazil was 0.85 in 2004.The highest and the lowest index by Federative Unit belonged to the states of São Paulo (0.87) and Rondônia (0.65), respectively.

 

In 2004, half of the value added of services was reached with half of the value of services, whereas 1,159 municipalities accounted for 1% of the wealth generated by the sector. The concentration of services in the capitals remained high (37.7% in 2004). Among the 47 municipalities which aggregated 50% of the value added of services, 20 were capitals. However, they had losses in terms of participation in this distribution.

 

The municipalities with the biggest gains in relative participation were Brasília (0.4%), Osasco (0.3%) and Fortaleza (0.2%); the ones with the biggest losses were São Paulo (-2.0%) and Rio de Janeiro (-0.7%).

 

Public administration accounts for over 70% of the GDP in 39 municipalities

 

The value added of the activity public administration (which forms the sector of services) was more concentrated than that of agriculture, but less concentrated than those of industry and services (total). The Gini index for public administration, in 2004, was 0.77. The highest index (0.80) was registered in the state of São Paulo; the lowest one (0.56), in Rondônia and Bahia. The activity is specifically important in the North and Northeast Regions, as well as in the North of Minas Gerais.  

 

 

Among the 5,560 Brazilian municipalities, 1,969 (35.4%) had more then one 1/3 of their economy dependent on public administration in 2004. The contribution of public administration to the value added of Brazil, in 2004, was 14.1%. The public administration had participation above 50% in all the municipalities of Roraima. In Uiramutã (RR) and Santa Rosa do Purus (AC), this participation was above 80% in the whole series. Public administration in Amapá was also very relevant, with a level of participation above 30% in 2004, in all the municipalities of the state.

 

The following table highlights the 39 municipalities with participation in public administration in relation to GDP above 70%, that is, those whose economy depended on the administrative machine.

 

The participation of public administration was inferior to the national average in three capitals: Vitória (5.6%), Manaus (5.9%), São Paulo (8.9%), Curitiba (9.3%), Florianópolis (11.3%), São Luís (12.1%), Belo Horizonte (12.3%), Cuiabá (12.4%), Maceió (13.1%) and Recife (13.9%). On the other hand, the activity represented 57.2% of the economy of Brasília.

 

The states in which the municipalities had the least dependence on the government were São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina, in which the contribution from public administration was inferior to 15%.

 

 

______________________________________________________________________

 

¹Capitals and their metropolitan areas.

²The Brazilian GDP per capita in 2004 was R$ 9,279. 

³Measure of the concentartion of distribution, whose value ranges from zero (perfect equality) to one (maximum unequality).