The Summary of Social Indicators (SIS) 2012 shows improvement in Education, in the 2001-2011 decade, especially in pre-school (from 0 to 5 years old), where the percentage of children rose from 25.8% to 40.7%.   Among women with children aged from 0 to 3 in day care centers, 71.7% were employed.  Among teenagers aged from 15 to 17, 83.7% attended school, in 2011, but only 51.6% were in a grade adequate to their age.  As to students aged from 18 to 24, the proportion of those attending universities grew from 27.0% to 51.3%, in the 2001-2011 period; however, among blacks and browns at this age, the proportion rose from 10.2% to 35.8%.

 

SIS reveals that inequalities have narrowed down in the 2001-2011 decade, because of the increase in the minimal wages, of the economic growth and of income transfer programs (such as “Bolsa Família”).  The Gini index (which measures income distribution) moved from 0.559, in 2004, to 0.508, in 2011.

 

In relation to work, from 2001 to 2011, the Summary found a growth in the proportion of people aged 16 or over working in formal jobs (from 45.3% to 56.0%), even though 44.2 million people kept working in the informal market in 2011. The main job average income presented a real growth of 16.5% in this period. Women and informal workers had the greatest real gains.   Nevertheless, the income of black or brown employed persons in 2011 corresponded to 60% of the whites’ income.  SIS also points out that in 2011 the average weekly hours dedicated by women to domestic chores was 2.5 times bigger than men’s.

 

As to the demographic indicators, in 2011, the fecundity rate was of 1.95 children by women, depending on their schooling level (from 3.07 for women with up to 7 years of schooling to 1.69, for those with 8 or more years of schooling).   In the decade, the elderly aged 60 or over grew at an annual rate of 3.7%, whereas the total population grew at 1.2% annualy.

 

Moreover, SIS 2010 has innovated dealing with social protection and human rights, tackling themes as violence against women, among others. The survey verified that, in more than half of the 75 thousand registries of violence against women, they believed there was a risk of death.

 

These are some of the highlights of the Summary of Social Indicators: an analysis of the Brazilian population life conditions 2012 (whose main information sources are PNAD 2011 and other IBGE’s surveys), approached through advanced techniques of use and analysis of administrative records of federal agencies. Information on the study can be accessed at:

https://www.ibge.gov.br/english/estatistica/populacao/condicaodevida/indicadoresminimos/sinteseindicsociais2012/default.shtm

 

In 2011, 51.6% of the teenagers aged 15 to 17 attended high school 

The analysis of the PNAD 2011 data reveals a growth of the Brazilian educational system in the last decade, especially in relation to pre-school. The schooling level rate of children aged 0 to 5 moved from 25.8%, in 2001, to 40.7%, in 2011. The schooling level of children aged 6 to 14 is almost universalized, reaching 98.2% in 2011.

Teenagers aged 15 to 17 presented a schooling rate of 83.7%, a little higher than 2001's percentage (81%). But in 2011 just 51.6% of them were in the adequate grade. So, the current result is more favorable than the previous one, when just 36.9% of this age group were in high school, which reveals a high age-grade gap. The advance in the attendance rate of these youngsters to high school was even more significant to those belonging to families with lower incomes (of 13.0%, in 2001, to 36.8%, in 2011) and among blacks and browns (from 24.4% to 45.3%).

 

Attendance of young black and brown people at university has tripled in ten years

The proportion of students aged 18 to 24 that went to higher education grew from 27.0%, in 2001, to 51.3%, in 2011. There was a notable fall in the proportion of those studying in the elementary/middle level, from 21% in 2001 to 8.1% in 2011. Young black and brown students increased their attendance at university (from 10.2%, in 2001, to 35.8%, in 2011), but with a rather lower percentage than that of the whites (from 39.6%, in 2001, to 65.7% in 2011).

 

Formal employment grows among women and young people in the decade 

Between 2001 and 2011, the proportion of persons aged 16 or older, employed in formal jobs, rose from 45.3% to 56.0%. Among women, formality grew from 43.2% to 54.8%. However, the country still registers a significant contingent of labor force in informal jobs:   44.2 million people. Informality is a characteristic of the elderly population aged 60 or over (71.7%) and of the young population aged 16 to 24 years of age (46.5%). It is worth highlighting, however, that young people aged 16 to 24 years old were the ones that mostly increased their formality level in the labor market, mainly between 2006 and 2011 (from 40.8% to 53.5%). The highest the schooling level, the most formal the employment. In 2011, the average schooling of the population working in formal jobs was of 9.2 years for men and 10.7 for women. In the informal jobs, this average was 6.1 and 7.3 years, respectively.

 

Average income from work had a real increase of 16.5% in the decade

The average income from the main job of employed persons aged 16 or over presented a real growth of 16.5% between 2001 and 2011. Women and informal workers had the greatest real gains (22.3% and 21.2%, respectively).  

The income inequality between men and women posted a reduction, but it still remains.  In 2001, women got an amount equivalent to 69% of men's income; in 2011 it grew to 73.3%. The highlight is that, among people with 12 years of schooling or more, the inequality was higher:  in 2011, women's income was equivalent to 59.2% of men's (in 2001, this percentage was at 52.6%).

Inequality by color or race also decreased in the period. The average income of black or brown employed persons aged 16 or older was equivalent to 60% of the white’s average income in 2011. In 2001, this proportion was of 50.5%.  Just as it occurred with women, the inequality was bigger among persons with 12 or more years of schooling, but between 2006 and 2011, this proportion fell from 68.6% to 67.2% (in 2001 it was 66.7%).

 

Women spend 2.5 times more time with household chores than men

Men’s weekly working hours was, on average, 6.3 hours more than women’s.  In formal jobs, men worked 44.0 weekly hours against 40.3 hours for women. In informal jobs, the difference was even bigger: 9.4 hours, 40.5 for men and 31.2 for women. But, when it comes to time dedicated to household chores, the average weekly hours of women (aged 16 or over) is 2.5 times more than those of men at the same age group. In 2011, women dedicated 27.7 hours to household chores, whereas men spent 11.2 hours. Thus, the total weekly working hours for women in 2011 was of 58.5 and, for men, 52.7.

 

71.7% of mothers with all of their children aged between 0 and 3 years old are employed.

 

An aspect that interferes in the insertion of women in the labor market is the presence of children. Among women with children aged from 0 to 3 in day care centers, 71.7% were employed.  The participation of women in the labor market is quite reduced when none of their children were in day care centers or when anyone of them was not (43.9% and 43.4%, respectively). It is worth highlighting that such a relation has remained practically the same since the beginning of the decade:  in 2001, the percentage was 70.1% when all the children were in day care centers, 41.2% when none was, and 44.3% when anyone of the children were.

 

The percentage of people that spend more than 30 min to get to work has grown 

Even though it took up to 30 minutes for 65.8% of the population to get to work, there was a rise in the percentage of persons who spend more than 30 minutes to get to work, from 32.7% in 2001 to 35.2% in 2011 among men, and from 27.9% to 32.6% among women. In terms of color and race, blacks and browns spent more time commuting to work: 36.6% spent more than 30 minutes commuting, against 31.8% of the white.

 

42.3% of persons living alone are 60 years old or older 

The number of households, in 2011, was of 64.3 million, with an average of 3 persons by household. The drop of the fertility rate and the aging of the population contributed to rise from 9.2%, in 2001, to 12.4%, in 2011, the percentage of persons living alone (one-person households), with an oscillation between 8.0% of the households, in Amazonas, and 17.1%, in Rio de Janeiro. More than half (51.2%) of the persons that lived alone were women and 42.3% were 60 years old or older.

In the 2001-2011 decade, there was a fall from 53.3% to 46.3% in the percentage of couples with children and a rise of those without children (13.8% to 18.5%). PNAD 2011 displayed as well a slight reduction (17.8% to 16.4%) of the households headed by single mothers (monoparental households headed by women).

Between 2001 and 2011, there was a growth from 18.8% to 21.7% in the proportion of couples without children, in which the woman never had live births and both spouses had income - known as DINIC (Double Income and No Children)- with the following profile: 42% of the heads of these households were between 24 and 34 years old and the average household income per capita was around 3.2 minimum wages.  In the Southeast, they represented 25% of the couple without children.

 

Almost half of the households that share the housing unit claim financial reasons 

In 2011, 95.6% of the housing units were occupied by just a family nucleus, whereas 4.4% by two or more nuclei, the percentage being higher in the North (7.4%) and Northeast (5.5%) regions and lower in the Southeast (3.2%). In almost half of the housing units, the reason for sharing the same residence was “financial” (49.2%) followed by “free will” (41.2%). In some states, such as Acre (56.6%), Tocantins (51.9%), Santa Catarina (45.9%) and Mato Grosso (60.2%), the reason “free will" was more common than “financial”.

Between 2001 and 2011, there was a rise in the proportion of women heading households of couples without children (from 4.5% to 18.3%) and of couples with children (from 3.4% to 18.4%). In the households headed by men, the proportion of couples in which the wife had the same or higher income than the head was just of 25.5%, whereas otherwise (when the wife was the head), the percentage was of 77.5%.

 

In Piauí, just 7.7% of the housing units had adequate sewage systems

In 2011, 69.4% of the Brazilian urban housing units declared to have simultaneous access to sanitary systems (water supply by general network, sewage by general network and direct garbage collection), against 67.1% in 2001. For the housing units with average income up to ½ minimum wages per capita, 50.1% had adequate sewage systems in 2011, against 42.3%, in 2001.

In the whole country, of the 30.6% urban housing units that did not have access to the four components simultaneously, 93.0% lacked sanitary sewage.  In Amapá, which had the highest percentage of housing units without simultaneous access to the services (95.9%), 44.7% of them did not have water supply, in 96.8% of these there was not adequate sanitary sewage and 2.6% did not have access to waste collection services.  In Piauí, of the 92.3% of the housing units without adequate sanitation, sewage was absent in 99.4% of them.

In 2011, for 52.8 million urban housing units, there were 31% which had simultaneous access to electricity, color TV, DVD player, washing machine, computer and access to the Internet. Among the housing units without simultaneous access to the items aforementioned, those without computer and access to the Internet were 84.9%. For the 9 million urban housing units with household income up to ½ minimum wages, the access to these goods and services was more restricted: just 7.3% had simultaneous access to electricity, color TV, DVD player, washing machine, computer and Internet. For these housing units, the absence of computer and access to the Internet reached 92.2%.

 

4.8 million children lived in housing units without basic sanitation 

Concerning health indicators, in 2011, 48.5% of the children up to 14 years old (21.9 million)lived in housing units without adequate sewage (or without water supply by means of a general network, or without sanitary sewage by means of a general network or a septic tank connected to the collection network, or without waste collection). Approximately 4.8 million children (10.7%) were seriously exposed to diseases, for they lived in housing units where the three services were inadequate: 17.2% in the Northeast and 3.7% in the Southeast.

According to data from the Health Ministry, external causes were the main cause of death of the population aged under 30 years of age: in the groups between 10 and 19 and between 20 and 29 years of age, external causes were responsible for almost 70.0% of the registered deaths in 2009.

 

Aging index in Brazil goes up from 31.7, in 2001, to 51.8 in 2011 

The sex ratio – number of male persons for each 100 female persons – in Brazil was 94,3 ( 103,8 in the age group 0 to 19 years of age and 79,5 in the age group 60 years of age or over). Concerning the total dependence ratio – number of economically dependent persons (persons younger than 15 years of age or 60 years of age or over) in relation to each 100 potentially active persons (between 15 and 59 years of age) – has decreased from 60.3 (2001) to 54.6 (2011). The aging index (relation between elderly persons aged 60 years of age or over and children up to 15) in Brazil grew from 31.7, in 2001, to 51.8, in 2011, getting very close to the world indicator (48.2). In Brazil, the highlight is the Metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, where this indicator was 80.2.

In ten years, the number of the elderly aged 60 years of age or over has moved from 15.5 million (2001) to 23.5 million persons (2011). The relative contribution of this group to the age structure of the population has risen from 9.0% to 12.1%, in the period, while that of the elderly persons aged 80 or over reached 1.7% of the population in 2011.

The greatest part of the elderly population is composed by women (55.7%). Other key characteristics: strong presence in urban areas (84.1%); white majority (55.0%); insertion in the household as its head (63.7%); 4.4 years of schooling on average (32% with less than one year of schooling); the great majority (76.8%) receive some kind of grant from the Social Security; 48.1% have income from all sources equivalent or above one minimum wage, whereas approximately one in every four elderly persons lived in housing units with monthly income per capita below one minimum wage.

Around 3.4 million elderly persons aged 60 or over (14.4%) lived by themselves; 30.7% lived with their children (all of whom older than 25 years of age, with or without the presence of another relative or aggregate). Thus, 85.6% of the elderly lived in arrangements in which there was another person somehow related to them.

In the distribution of average monthly household income per capita, the elderly had a rather better situation than that of the children, teenagers and young persons:  while 53.6% of the persons younger than 25 years of age were in the fist two quintiles of income distribution, just 17.9% of the elderly aged 60 years of age or over had that profile.

 

Summary of Social Indicators points out inequality reduction in the 2001-2011 decade

 

SIS 2012 detected a reduction in inequality in the 2000 decade, measured by several aspects and indicators. It was seen that the Gini coefficient (which measures the income distribution so that the closer to 1 the index is, the greater the inequality) moved from 0.559, in 2004, to 0.508, in 2011. Between 2001 and 2011, the 20% richer in the population reduced their share from 63.7% to 57.7%, whereas the 20% poorer rose, from 2.6% to 3.5% in the income overall.  In this period, the ratio between the household income per capita of the 20% richer in relation to the 20% poorer fell approximately from 24 to 16.5 times.  Despite the evolution, inequality remains, for the 20% richer still have almost 60% of the overall income, in contrast to the slightly above 11% figure of the 40% poorer. 

The expansion of cash transfer programs, such as Bolsa Família (TN: massive program that provides conditional cash grants to underprivileged mothers as long as their children stay in school), caused a rise in the item “other sources of income” for households with low incomes. For households with a household income per capita up to ¼ minimum wages (6.7% of the households) and between ¼ and ½ minimum wages (14.1% of the households), the other income sources moved from 5.3% to 31.5% and from 3.1% to 11.5%, respectively, between 2001 and 2011. That occurred in a scenario of growth of the average income from work for these groups.    For the group up to ¼ minimum wages, the average income from all jobs grew, in real values, from R$ 273 to R$ 285, in the period, whereas for those in the group between ¼ and ½ minimum wages, it grew from R$ 461 to R$ 524. In relation to color or race, in the 1% richest, in 2001, blacks or browns represented only 9.3%, a percentage which moved to 16.3%, in 2011. It is yet rather far from the total of blacks and browns in the population, a little above 50%.  

The households in the ranges up to ½ minimum wages of income have some characteristics that could indicate vulnerability: they have more than four dwellers on average, a more significant presence of little children and many of them are headed by a single mother, with children younger than 14 years old (a predominant living arrangement in 27.0% of the households with income per capita up to ¼ minimum wages.

The higher the fertility, the lower women’s school level

The total fertility rate (number of live births that a woman would have by the end of her reproductive period) is undergoing a sharp fall, staying, in 2011, at 1.95 child per woman - which is lower than the population replacement level (2.1 children per woman).  The rate among white women was of 1.63 children per women, whereas, among black and brown women, it was 2.15.

Women with a lower school level – up to 7 years of schooling – presented a total fertility rate of 3.07 children, whereas for those with 8 or more years of schooling the rate was substantially lower, of 1.69 children per woman. In the North region, the fertility of women with up to 7 years of schooling (3.97 children) was practically twice as those seen for women with 8 or more years of schooling (2.01 children per women), in 2011.

 

In 2/3 of the cases of violence against women, children witnessed the aggressions 

SIS 2012 addressed, for the first time, social protection and human rights, approaching themes as violence against women, female representation in the political spheres, precarious working conditions, among others, with data from several Federal Government agencies, as well as IBGE’s surveys.

In 2011, the Women Support Center (Call 180), of the Secretariat of Policies for Women – SPM, recorded 75 thousand reports of violence against women. Of these, around 60% were physical violence, 24% of psychological violence and 11% of moral violence. In the majority of the cases, the aggressor was the partner, spouse or boy-friend/girl-friend (74.6%); the women had been in a relationship with the aggressor for 10 or more years (40.6%); violence occurred since the beginning of the relationship (38.9%) and it happened daily (58.6%). In 52.9% of the cases, women felt they were under risk of death and in 2/3 of the situations, the children witnessed the aggression (66.1%).

 

Women still are underrepresented in the Brazilian political spheres

Brazil takes, in 2012, the 116^th position in the world classification on women political participation in Parliaments, in a rank of 143 countries, according to the Inter-Parliamentary Union. Rwanda, Andorra, Cuba, Sweden, Seychelles, Finland, South Africa, Netherlands and Nicaragua have the greater proportions in contribution, oscillating between 56.3% e 40.2%. In Brazil, it is lower than 9%.

Brazil elected in 2010 its first female President and is now part of the group of 15 countries in which a woman was the head of the State or Government. But that is of little impact to the rise of the female participation in the legislative structure. In 2006, there were 45 federal congresswomen (8.8%) elected out of 628 candidates.  In 2010, the total of elected women for the Congress remained 45, despite the rise of more than 300 candidates for the position. The Federal Senate is the instance where the female participation is more effective: women have 14.8% of the chairs, the same proportion of 2006.  

 

MTE found 2.6 thousand workers in slave-like conditions in 2010

There is no statistical information on forced labor in Brazil, but an estimate could be deduced based on the data from the Ministry of Labor and Employment (MTE). In 2010, there were 143 operations all over the country, in 309 establishments, in which 2.628 workers were found in slave-like conditions (forced labor, debt bondage, exhaustive workday and/or degrading work). They are the so-called rescued workers. Besides, 2,745 employees had their labor contracts formalized during the inspection and became legally employed after the process.  The greatest number of operations occurred in Pará, where more than 500 employees were rescued. In Minas Gerais, although the number of operations was almost half of those in Pará, the number of rescued workers was very close (511), followed by Goiás and Santa Catarina, respectively,  with 343 and 253 rescued workers.