The number of families with household income per capita of up to ½ a minimum wage fell from 32.4% to 22.6%, in ten years. However, in 2008, half of the Brazilian families still live on less than R$ 415 per capita. Over half of the women without partners and all the persons with children under 16 years of age 16 lived on less than R$ 249 per capita.

Although there has been some improvement, 44.7% of the children and teenagers up to 17 in 2008 lived on a family income of ½ a minimum wage per capita, and 18.5% did on ¼ of a minimum wage.

From 1998 to 2008, the proportion of couples without children increased, from 13.3% to 16.7%, according to the decrease of fertility. In the same period, there was increase of the proportion of women who declared to be the reference person in the household, even when they had a partner (from 2.4% to 9.1%). The same way, there was increase from 4.8% to 11.8% of the percentage of mothers aged 18 to 24 who a re the reference person in the household.

Between 1998 and 2008, the proportion of youngster taking higher education doubled, having changed from 6.9% to 13.9%. In the group aged 16 to 24 years of age, there was increase, from 38.1% to 49.1%, of the percentage of youngsters who made over a minimum wage, and decrease from 38.9% to 28.8% of the percentage of youngsters working over 45 hours per week.

In ten years, the participation of women in the job market increased from 42.0% to 47.2%. On the other hand, there was decrease from 11.5% to 6.4% of the percentage of working girls aged 10 to 15. However, 136 thousand of them were still employed as domestic workers in 2008. The percentage of young and elderly women working in Brazil is higher than in European countries. The percentage of women with only one child, with household income per capita above two minimum wages, increased from 33.0% to 40.3%.

In 2008, two-thirds of the white youngsters and less than one-third of the black and brown ones were taking higher education courses. A total 14.7% of the white youngsters and only 4.7% of the black and brown ones had finished higher education in 2008. Among the 1% with the highest household income per capita of the Brazilian population, only 15% were black or brown. 

Infant mortality fell by 30% in ten years. In the same period, with the decrease of fertility, the population under one year of age decreased by 27.8%.

In 2008, Brazil already had 21 million elderly persons. In absolute figures, the population aged 60 and over was already bigger than in France, England and Germany. However, differently from these countries, in Brazil, 32.2% of the elderly did not know how to read and 51.4% were functionally illiterate.

In Brazil, Brazil had 19.7 million migrants, and population density of 22.3 inhabitants by square meter. the number of weddings calculated in register offices all over the country increased by 31.1%, from 1998 to 2007. See below the main data presented in Summary of Social Indicators 2009.

 

In the Northeast Region, 66.7% of the children, teenagers and youngsters still lived in poverty

The Summary of social Indicators showed that, although there has been improvement in the last tem years, the level of poverty of children and teenagers in the country is still high. Most children and teenagers aged up to 17 were living in poverty in 2008 (44.7%).  

The trend to increase of attendance to school in infancy was observed, although at a lower rhythm. The biggest increase of the rate occurred in the group aged 4 to 6: from 57.9% to 79.8% between 1998 and 2008. Among children aged 0 to 3, school attendance changed from 8.7% to 18.1%, in the period.  

The study highlights that household income helps determine school attendance, which increases as does the level of income of families: with 0 to 3 years of schooling, the rate was 18.5% for families living on up to ½ a minimum wage per capita and 46.2% for those living on up to 3 minimum wages per capita. In the group aged 4 to 6 years, the rate was 77.1%, in the group with up to ½ minimum wage and almost universal (98.8%), for children in the group of income with over 3 minimum wages per capita. In the group aged 7 to 14 years of age, which corresponds to elementary school, access to education is almost completely spread in all levels of income. School attendance of teenagers 15 to 17 was 78.4%, in families belonging to the first fifth of income (the poorest 20%) and 93.7%, in families of the last fifth, that is, the richest 20%.

 

Percentage of youngster attending university has doubled in 20 years

In the group aged 18 to 24 years, there were increases in the field of education, with decrease of 8.6%, in 1998, to 2.9%, in 2008, of the rate of youngsters in this age group which were still taking elementary school (which is supposed to be complete by the 14 years of age). Regional differences still remain: in the Northeast, which has the lowest percentage, only 8.2% of the youngsters aged 18 to 24 attend school, whereas in the South, the percentage has more than doubled.

 

Another increase in the group aged 18 to 24 years, shown in the Summary, is the doubled proportion of youngsters taking higher education: from 6.9% to 13.9%. There was increase of attendance to higher education in all the areas of the country, between 1998 and 2008. Even so, the percentage is low when compared to that of countries such as France, England and the United Kingdom, where the proportion is 50% higher, or Latin America, where Chile is the highlight with 52%.

 

 

 

42.1% of the women aged 20 to 24 years only worked, but did not perform domestic tasks

 

Between 1998 and 2008, there was increase from 64.8% to 68.5% of the proportion of youngsters aged 20 to 24 who were in the labor market. The proportion of youngsters whose only activity is to perform domestic tasks fell from 20.9% to 17.1%, in this period. The percentage of women aged 20 to 24 who only work increased from 38.1% to 42.1%, whereas among men the increase was lower (from 63.6% to 64.7%), although they are the majority in the labor market.  In the group aged 16 to 24 years of age, the activity rate of women increased from 53.6% to 58.3%, whereas that of men fell from 79.2% to 76.5%.

 

The income of working youngsters increased between 1998 and 2008. In the group aged 16 to 24 years, there was increase from 38.1% to 49.1% of the percentage of persons earning over a minimum wage in 2008. The was decrease of the number of youngsters working long hours, 45 or over a week: from 38.9%, in 1998, to 28.8%, in 2008.

 

Percentage of mothers aged 18 to 24 who are the reference person in the household increases from 4.8% to 11.8%

 

Following the trend to decrease of fertility in the country, young women have had fewer children. In 1998, 7.6% of the teenagers aged 15 to 17 years of age already had children and, in 2008, this percentage fell to 6.3%. The area where there was biggest decrease was the South, where the percentage was 8.5% in 1998 and fell to 4.0% in 2008. In the North Region, the percentage of teenagers this age who had children remained stable, at about 10.5%.

 

By analyzing the conditions of the households inhabited by these young mothers, it is possible to observe decrease, in tem years, of the percentage of persons classified as partners (from 39.8% to 31.5%) and increase of the percentage of persons who are daughters or relatives of the reference person in the household (from 57.9% to 62.9%). Among women aged 18 to 24 years, there was increase from 4.8% to 11.8% of the percentage of mothers who are the reference person in the household, and decrease from 62.1% to 51.0% of the percentage of persons who are partners.

 

In the last decade (1998-2008), the intense and fast decrease of fertility in the country led to reduction of the participation of children, teenagers and youngsters in the total population, in all the age groups. The participation of children aged 0 to 6 decreased from 13.3% to 10.2%, in this period, having changed from 21 million to 19.4 million. In the group aged 7.0 to 14 years, there was decrease of 16.6% to 14.5%; in the one aged 15 to 17 years, there was decrease of 7% to 5.4%; and, among women aged 28 to 24 years there was decrease from 12.9% to 12.2%. 

 

Percentage of young and elderly women working in Brazil is above that of European countries

 

The results of the Summary of Indicators show high activity rate – among each 100 women, 52 were employed or looking for a job – mainly among women aged 15 to 19 years (42.5%), a rate significantly above that of Latin-American countries, such as Argentina (22.3%) and Mexico (24.9%), and of European countries such as Germany  (27.8%), Spain (24.8%) and France (11.4%), and similar to the rate in the United States (43.7%). The rate of school attendance in this group is 70%, that is, youngsters have to balance their activities: study, work and domestic tasks.

 

The activity rate of elderly Brazilian women is extremely high when compared to that of European countries. Brazil, Mexico and Argentina are the highlight in the international scenario, with a rate of about 20%, whereas in the aforementioned European countries the rate is less than 10%, due to more efficient systems of social assistance which guarantee the welfare of the elderly population.

 

The analysis of the participation of employed young women between 1998 and 2008, according to PNAD, shows increase of the participation of women in the job market, having changed from 42.0% to 47.2% in the country. In all the groups of activity analyzed, the employment rate of women has increased, except among women aged 10 to 15, which had decrease from 11.5% to 6.4%, as a result of some federal polices aiming at the reduction of child labor.

 

Nevertheless, the presence of men was still more relevant in the job market. In 2008, boys aged 10 to 15 presented a rate which is twice as that of women (12.6% and 6.4%), due to the early inclusion in the job market. In the following age group (16 to 24) the difference is 21 percentage points in favor of male youngsters (67.6% and 46.5%).

 

 

Women have higher level of schooling, but make have lower salaries in all categories of position

 

The average level of schooling of women is higher than that of men, which, to some extent, can contribute to their later entrance in the labor market compared to men’s. In 2008, in the urban area, the average level of schooling of women was 9.2 years, whereas among men it was 8.2. In the rural area, the average number of years of schooling, in spite of the lower levels, is also favorable to women (from 5.2 and 4.4 years, respectively).

 

Among persons aged 12 and over (with complete or incomplete higher education), inequality among men and women is still bigger. It was observed, in 2008, that in Brazil, among each 100 persons aged 12 or more years of schooling, 56.7 were women and 43.3 were men. This difference is present in all the Brazilian states, especially in Maranhão, Piauí, Sergipe, Pernambuco, Tocantins and Mato Grosso do Sul. These ones present the biggest differences, mainly Maranhão, which reached the figures of 62.7 women and 37.3 men among each 100 persons.

 

Even considering their higher level of schooling, the proportion of women employed in directing positions (4.4%) is still lower than that of men (5.9%). In the South, Southeast and Central West, there bigger differences between the number of men and women, opposite to what happens in the North and Northeast.

 

Whereas 15.8% of the women employed were domestic workers, with or without a formal contract, only 0.8% of employed men were in this category. The proportion of women working in production and construction for own-consumption was 6.4%; the proportion of men, 3.2%.

 

In all the categories of position, the average income of men is higher than the income of women. The biggest difference between the averaged income occurs in the employer’s position, at which men make, on average R$ 3,161, and women only R$ 2,497, that is, R$ 664 more than men, which means that female employers received 22% less than men. The smallest difference between the income of men and women occurs in the position of workers without a formal contract, as a result of the precarious conditions faced by workers without a formal contract.

 

In the group of domestic workers, men had higher income. The average income of domestic workers without a formal contract is R$ 298, whereas the income of men in the same conditions is R$ 404. Also in this group, another highlight is the big number of girls aged 10 to 15 who are employed in this same position, reaching 136 thousand, according to data of PNAD 2008.

 

The study showed that there was excessive representation of black and brown domestic workers. In Brazil, the proportion of black and brown women older than 10 years of age is 51.5%, whereas the proportion of domestic workers was 60.9%. In the southeast, for each 100 white domestic workers, there are black and brown ones. In the North Region, this ratio is higher: 100 to 125.

 

Another activity performed mainly by women, and almost ignored by society is the housework. Among the total number of employed women, 87.9% declared to take care of household tasks and among men, 46.1%.The average number of hours per week dedicated to this activity is 20.9 for women and only 9.2 for men.

 

By analyzing the proportion of women by number of children and class of income between 1998 and 2008, it is possible to observe reduction of the proportion of women with 3 or more children, in the groups of income of up to ½ a minimum wage per capita (from 52.6% to 49%) and over 2 minimum wages per capita (from 26.4% to 20.2%). Considering women with over 2 minimum wages per capita, the biggest increase is concentrated in the group of women with only 1 child (from 33.0% to 40.3%).

 

Proportion of couples without children increased from 13.3% to 16.7% in 2008

 

The results of PNAD 2008 confirmed the trend which had been observed in the last few years – kinship is the main reason for the union of persons who live together, and 88.1% of the arrangements involve persons related in some way. Among them, 48.2% are persons with children, whose importance has been reduced, mainly due to the decrease of fertility. In 1998, this type of arrangement reached 55.8%, whereas the proportion of families formed by a couple without children increased, having changed from  13.3% to 16.7%, in 2008.

 

Between 1998 and 2008, the proportion of persons who lived alone changed from 8.4% to 11.6%. In the Metropolitan areas of Porto Alegre (16.0%) and Rio de Janeiro (14.9%), there are percentages above the national average:

 

In 2008, half of the families lived on less than R$ 415 per capita

 

In 2008, the average household income per capita was R$ 720. However, half of the families lived on less than R$ 415, the same amount of the minimum wage of September 2008. The distribution of income in the country remains uneven, as shown by figures of average income in the Northeast and Southeast: R$ 250 versus R$ 500, respectively.

 

Between 2001 and 2008, the group which gathers the last fifth of income (the wealthiest ones) has faced decrease in participation by 4.25 percentage points in favor of the inferior group (the poorest ones). Although the fifth had gained only 0.68 p.p., this represents a proportionally higher increase (of about 26%) than that obtained by subsequent groups, which were also benefited with the improvement of income distribution.

 

By measuring the relative poverty base don the income mean figure (R$ 415), and considering as limits the income below  60% of the figure (R$ 249), it is possible to observe that 26.9% of the family arrangements made a living with less than this amount. The proportion of persons who lived on up to a minimum wage was 22.6%. By comparing both estimates, it is possible to see that the poverty indicator was 4.3% higher.

 

Number of families with income per capita of up to ½ a minimum wage falls from 32.4% to 22.6%

 

The distribution by classes of household income per capita in the period 1998/2008 was most favorable to those units which lived on up to  ½  a minimum wage. In 1998, this percentage for the group of the country was 32.4% reaching 22.6% in 2008. In the Northeast, the decrease between 2003 and 2008 was 13 percentage points (54.3% to 41.3%), probably as a consequence of public policies directed to helping poor families.

 

When all the children are under 16 years of age, the status of income is more vulnerable. About 42.8% of the couples and 51.4% of the female single parent arrangements (a female reference person without a partner) lived on household income per capita of less than R$249.

 

Number of women who are the household reference person increases, in spite of partner’s presence

 

Between 1998 and 208, there was significant increase of the number of women who are the reference person in the household (25.9% to 34.9%). Also relevant in this period was the increase of the female population who declared to be the head of household, in spite of the existence of a partner (2.4% to 9.1%).

 

In the group of the country, another change refers to the increase of the proportion of families formed by a couple without children, in which both partners have income. In Brazil, this number of couples is about 39.6 million, and couples from the group Double Income and No Children make up 2.1 million. In the period analyzed from 1998 to 2008, there has been significant increase of this proportion, which changed from 3.2% to 5.3%. In the Southeast, the proportion is even higher than the national average (6.2%).

 

Proportion of households inhabited by more than one family falls from 7.0% to 5.1%, in ten years

 

In ten years, there was decrease of the proportion of households inhabited by more than one family: the figure was 7.0% in 1998, having changed to 5.1% in 2008, in absolute figures, and accounting for about 2.9 million households. In 94.9% of the permanent private households there was only one resident family, whereas in 5.1% there were two or more.

 

The chance of finding households with families living in the Northeast is 60% higher than in the Southeast. Families living together are taken into consideration in the context of debates about housing deficits.

 

The average size of families living in the country is 2.6 persons per family. Their reference persons were related to the reference person in the household: 97.6% are relatives, being 71.5% children. In about 39% of the cases, the reason presented for living together was their own will. In spite of the financial motivation as a reason for this living together, in some Federative Units, such as Santa Catarina (48.4%), Rio Grande do Sul (47,8%) and Mato Grosso (55.1%), the reason “own will” surpassed the financial reasons.

 

In 2008, white persons had, on average, almost two years of schooling more than black and brown persons

 

In 2008, in terms of the years of schooling of the population aged 15 and over, white persons had na advantage of almost two years (8.3 years of schooling), in relation to blacks and browns (6.7 and 6.5 years), a difference which has been constant throughout the years. Regional differences are striking, especially in the South and Southeast.

 

Two-thirds of white youngsters and less than one third of black and brown ones attended high school

 

From 1998 a 2008, there was significant  improvement in the distribution of attendance by level of schooling among the black and brown population. However, in 1998, a third of white youngsters aged 18 to 24 were already taking high school, versus7.1% black and brown ones. In 2008, white youngsters attending this level made up 60.3% of the total, whereas among blacks and browns, the percentage was 28.7%.

 

14.7% of the white persons and only 4.7% of the black and brown adults had complete higher education in 2008

 

The proportion of persons aged 25 years and over was  14.3% for white persons aged 25 and over, whereas among black and brown persons, the proportion was only 4.7%, in 2008. In relation to 1998, the black and brown population had improvements, but it is far from having equity, mainly in relation to young people. In the Northeast, only 3.8 of this population had finished higher education in 2008.

 

Among the 1% with the highest income, only 15% were black or brown

 

It is important to highlight that between 1998 and 2008, there was increase of 6.8 percentage points in the participation of black and brown persons in the group with higher income. However, it is possible to observe a very favorable situation to white persons. Among the 10% with the lowest income, 25.4% declared to be white, whereas 73.7%, to be black or brown. Among the richest 1%, 82.7% were white persons and only 15% were black or brown. In 1998, the proportion of persons who declared to be black or brown in the richest 1% was extremely lower: 8.2%.

 

Also, compensation per hour by groups of level of schooling are always higher, with bigger intensity of the group with 12 or more years of schooling.

 

Infant mortality falls 30% in ten years

 

The infant mortality rate remains on a downward trend, having changed from 33.56 ‰ to 23.59 ‰, between 1998 and 2008, that is, it decreased in almost 30% in a period of 10 years. Rio Grande do Sul was the state with the lowest infant mortality rate (13.10 ‰) and Alagoas, with 48.20 ‰, presented the highest rate, in 2008.

SIS 2009 presents UN data of ONU about infant mortality in Latin America and the Caribbean, with the highlight being Cuba (5.1 born dead by one thousand born alive), Chile (7.2), Bolivia (45.6) and Haiti (62.4), among others. There are also comparisons for fertility indicators and life expectancy for Latin America and Caribbean.

 

In 2008, Brazil had 19.7 million migrants

 

The total number of interregional migrants in 2008 was 19.7 million persons. The biggest group was that of Northeastern ones, with 10.5 million, or 53.4% of the total. The Southeast remains as the major spot of attraction for those who come from the Northeast, and receives 66.9% of them. The second group which most emigrated was born in the Southeast (20.5% of the total number of emigrants) and most of them went to the Central West (35.8%).

 

Among the 704 thousand persons who came from foreign countries, 70.3% went to the Southeast. Except for the North Region, which has the biggest flow of emigrants heading towards the Central West, emigrants of all the other regions, including those from foreign countries, headed for the Southeast.

 

In 10 years, the population aged less than a year decreased by 27.8%

 

The population under one year of age was reduced by 27.8%, having changed from 1.8% of the total population in 1998 to 1.3% in 2008. In the Southeast was the lowest percentage (1.2%), and the highest (1.8 %) in the North. Children and teenager up to 14 made up 24.7% of the population in 2008, versus 30.0% in 1998, reduction of 17.7% in the last 10 years.

 

In 2008, total fertility (average number of children a woman would have by the end of her fertile life) was 1.89 children, versus 2.43 in 1998. The lowest fertility levels were found in the Southeast, especially in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo with figures slightly above 1.5% per women.

 

 

In 2008, Brazil had 21 million elderly persons, surpassing figures in France, England and Germany

 

In 2008, Brazil had 21 million persons aged 60 and over, outnumbering the elderly population of several European countries, such as France, England and Italy (between 14 and 16 million) according to UN estimates for 2010. There were 9.4 million persons aged 70 and over in the country, that is, 4.9% of the overall population.

 

Between 1998 and 2008, the proportion of elderly persons (aged 60 and over) increased from 8.8% to 11.1%. Rio de Janeiro (14.9%) and Rio Grande do Sul (13.5 %) remain as the states with the biggest proportion of elderly persons. In 1998, these states, together with Paraíba, were the only states where elderly persons accounted for over 10% of the population (Table 7.1 and Graphs 7.1 and 7.2 ).

 

From 1998 to 2008, the relative growth of the elderly population by age group was very significant. The age group of 80 and over surpassed the other ones, and reached almost 70%, or about 3 million persons. Necessary measures are needed so as to guarantee proper infrastructure to help these elderly ones (Graph 7.3).

 

32.2% of elderly people could not read and 51.4% were functionally-illiterate

 

According to PNAD 2008, the Brazilian population aged 60 and over still kept high illiteracy rates: 32.2% could not read or write and 51.7% were functionally illiterate (had less than 4 years of schooling). Their average number of years of schooling was 4.1, with increase of one year in relation to 1998 (3.0).Elderly persons from the Northeast Region had the lowest average, and the Federal District, the highest one (6.6 years).

 

In national terms, 11% of the elderly had household income per capita lower than ½ a minimum wage. This proportion is significantly lower in the Metropolitan Areas of the Southeast and South, and in the Federal District.

 

23.3% of the elderly were the reference person of the household

 

In order to measure the participation of elderly being the reference person in the household, the universe considered encompassed persons aged 18 and over. The proportion of elderly in this condition was 23.3%, twice as the percentage of elderly in the population (Table 7.9 and graph 7.5). The biggest proportion of elderly who were heads of household was found in the Southeast (24.9%) and the lowest one, in the North ( 17%).

 

In the country, the proportion of elderly persons who lived with their children, in 2008, was 33.3%. In the North and Northeast Regions, over 50% of the elderly lived with their children (Tables 7.10 and 7.11). In relation to elderly women, 47.3% lived with their children; 11.4% declared not to have children alive and 36.9% did not live with their children.

 

Social security increased its number of retired beneficiaries and pension-receivers, between 1998 and 2008, but, in relative terms, they became at similar levels (84.5% and 85.5%) of the population aged 65 years and over. The percentage of persons who were only retired, in 2008, was lower than in 1998.

 

Brazil had 22.3 inhabitants by square kilometer

 

In Brazil, the average population density was 22.3 inhab./ km². The North Region, with 45.2% of the total area of the country and 8.1%, has only 4.0 inhabitants/ km². The Southeast, with 42% of the total population, has the highest density (86.3 inhabitants/ km²⁾. The Metropolitan Area of São Paulo houses 19.5 million persons, that is, 47.9% of the population in the state, whereas the Metropolitan Area of Rio de Janeiro, with 11.5 million persons, has 73.4% of the inhabitants in Rio de Janeiro (Graph 1.1 and Table 1.1).

 

State of Rio had 87.4 men for each one hundred women

 

In Brazil, in 2008, there were 94.8 men for each 100 women, mainly due to male excess mortality. In the Metropolitan Areas, for each 100 women, there were only 87.4 (Rio de Janeiro) and 92.1 (Belo Horizonte) men, the lowest figures found, besides the Federative Units of Sergipe, Rio de Janeiro and the Federal District (Graph 1.2 and Table 1.3).

 

Life expectancy at birth in the country, in 2008, was 73.0 years of age. Between 1998 and 2008, this indicator increased 3.3 years, with women in more favorable conditions than men (73.6 to 76.8 years, in the case of women, and 65.9 to 69.3 years, in the case of men).  Regional unbalance, still remain, at lower intensity, however.

 

Number of marriages formalized in register offices increases 31.1%, from 1998 to 2007

 

The number of marriages in the country increased in the last tem years, being the highlight the period between 2003 and 2007, which also brought increase to legal nuptiality. The trend observed interrupted a sequence of decrease which had been occurring from 1999 to 2002 and expressed the behavior of the marriage/population ratio, also observed in the beginning of the 1990’s.

 

From 1998 to 2007, the percentage of marriages increased 31.1%. There were significant changes in Amapá (118.3), Acre (110.7) and Amazonas (99.4). The increase was less significant in Minas Gerais (11.6) and in Rio de Janeiro (12.2). Rio Grande do Sul was the only Federative Unit to face decrease in the period analyzed (-3.4%).

 

 

Remarriages make up 16.1% of the total unions officialized in register offices 2007

 

In addition to the rise of nuptiality observed in the country as a whole, there has also been increase of remarriages. Marriages between single partners remain the most common type, facing, nevertheless, steady proportional decrease in spite of the rise of total absolute figures. Remarriages represented, in 2007, 16.1% of the total unions formalized in register offices and, in 1998, amounted to 10.1%.

 

This arrangement of marriages by marital status brings changes to the family standards, represented by the age difference of men and women who engage in new formal unions. In 2007, in the country as whole, it was possible to see that single men and women who got married were, on average, 29 and 26 years of age, respectively. Bahia was the state in which the average age at the occasion of marriage among single persons were higher, 34 years of age for men and 31 for women.

¹ In the Summary of Social Indicators, the age groups are considered, according to their age: children (0 to 14); teenagers (15 to 17) and youngsters (18 to).

 

² Activity rate is the percentage of economically-active persons in relation to the total number of persons at active age.

 

³ The nuptiality rate is obtained by the division of the number of marriages by the number of inhabitants and multiplying the result by one thousand. In this study were considered marriages and the population aged 15 and over. The populations by sex and age used in the calculation of legal nuptiality were obtained from the total of brazil and total of Federative Units, according to the AiBi method, considering the population projection for the period 1980-2050 – Revision 2008. Projections for both sexes and for men have been calculated. The female population was obtained by difference.

 

⁴ As remarriages were considered all events in which at least one of the partners was either divorced or widowed.

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