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PNAD 2015: incomes decrease and inequality remains on downward trend

November 25, 2016 09h45 AM | Last Updated: January 17, 2018 05h08 PM

 

From 2014 to 2015, there was, for the first time in 11 years, decrease in real earnings (inflation-adjusted). Income from all the activities fell from R$ 1,950 to R$ 1,853 (-5.0%), or from all sources (which includes retirement pensions, rents, interest, social benefits, among others) from R$1,845 to R$1,746 (-5.4%), and household income fell from R$3,443 to R$3,186 (-7.5%). Besides, all the employment categories recorded decrease of average monthly income from the main job, mainly for domestic workers wit a formal employmen contract (-3.1%).

This reduction reached all the ranges of income distribution, but as it was most significant in the ranges of higher income, a path towards reduction of inequality was still observed, as measured by the Gini index (where inequality increases as the index approaches 1.0). For all sources, the Gini index changed from 0.497 in 2014 to 0.491 in 2015; for income from work, it fell from 0.490 to 0.485 and, in the case of household income, changed from 0.494 to 0.493.

All that is shown by the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) 2015, in the Summary of Indicators released by the IBGE for the last time today, putting na end to a series of 49 years which started in 1967. From 2017 on, the main data about population characteristcs, education, labor, income and housing will have Continuous PNDA as its source.

PNAD also shows that, with a more significant decrease from men than for women, there was decrease of inequality between the incomes of men and women, from 74.5% to 76.1% between 2014 and 2015.

Between 2014 and 2015, for the first time since 2004, there was decrease in the employed population, -3.9%, or about 3.8 million persons. Among the groups, industry recorded the main losses, with minus about one million persons (-8.0%). In relation to 2014, the participation of employees in the employed population fell from 61.3% to 60.6%, whereas that of self-employed workers increased from 21.4% to 23.0%. Besides, two million employed persons persons did not contribute to social security. The labor Market also recorded na increase of 38.1% of the unemployed population (2.8 million persons), which reached 10.0 million persons aged 15 and over in 2015.

On th other hand, the illiteracy rate of persons aged 15 and over remained on a downward trend and was estimated at 8.0% (12.9 million illiterate persons) in 2015, versus 8.3% (13.7 million) in 2014 and 11.5% (15.3 million) in 2004. The proportion of children aged 4 to 5 years attending school recorded the biggest increase. In 2004, it was 70.0%; in 2015 this percentage increased to 84.3%.

For the first time since 2004, the number of housing units with a personal computer fell  (from 32.5 million in 2014 to 31.4 million in 2015). The percentage of housing units with a general sewage system changed from 63.5% in 2014 to 65.3% in 2015, na incremente of 1.9 million. The housing units with access to garbage disposal (89.8%), general system of water supply (85.4%) and electricity (99.7%) kept the same proportions as in 2014. The washing machine was the most commonly acquired good between 2014 (58.7%) and 2015 (61.1%).

Click here to access all the results of PNAD 2015.

Income from work falls 5.0% in Brazil in 2015 and 7.2% in the North region

The average monthly real income from all the activities of persons aged 15 and over employed and earning income, in 2015, was estimated at R$1,853, a figure 5.0% lower than in 2014 (R$1,950). That was observed in all the Major Regions, but the North recorded the most significant decrease (-7.2%, with a change from R$1,565 to R$1,453).

The average real income from all the activities increased in five of the 27 Federation Units, with Rio Grande do Norte as a highlight, with 4.3% (from R$1,320 to R$1,376). The other states recorded decrease, especially Amazonas, with -15.7% (from R$1,728 to R$1,457).

The highest average real monthly income figures from all the activities in 2015 came from the Federal District, (R$3,553), São Paulo (R$2,266) and Rio de Janeiro (R$ 2,212), whereas in Maranhão (R$1,106), Sergipe (R$ 1,112) and Piauí (R$1.,27) they recorded the smallest results.

1.4% of all the income earned by employed persons is held by the 10% highest earners

In Brazil, persons aged 15 and over, employed in the week of reference, who are among the 10% lowest earners received 1.4% of this overll income. The average for this range was R$261, 7.1% below the amount paid in 2014. On the other hand, employed persons who belong to the 10% highest earners concentrated 39.9% of the overall income from work, an average R$7,402, a figure 5.9% lower than in 2014.

The Gini Idex for the mojnthly real income from all the activities has been on a downward trend since 2004 (0.545), being 0.485 in 2015. The Northeast Region recorded the highest level of inequality in the distribution of this type of income (0.498), and the Soth Region, the lowest (0.441).

Inequality of income between the sexes decreases in 2015

The average monthly real income from all the activitis of men aged 15 and over, income earners, was R$2,058 and that of women, R$1,567. In proportional terms, women earned, on the average, 76.1% of the income earned by men in 2015, that is, 1.6 percentage points more than in 2014 (74.5%), when figures were R$ 2,184 and R$ 1,627, respectively.

Among employed men, 22.0% earned up to 1 minimum wage in 2015, whereas among women the percentage was 30.4%. Besides, there was proportionally more employed women (8.5%) than men (4.5%) without income or earning only benefits.

The Gini Index of the average monthly income from all the activities pointed to more significant inequality among men (0.487) than among women (0.471).

Income falls in all employement categories

All employment categories recorded decrease in the average monthly real income from the main job

Domestic workers earned, on the average, R$1,832 in 2015, about 1.9% less tha in the previous year (R$1,867). Domestic workers with a formal employment contract, in 2015, reported incomes 3.1% smaller than in 2014 (from R$1,049 para R$1,016), on the average; workers without a forma contract, 1.2% (from R$655 to R$647). The former faced a decrease of 2.4% in income (from R$1,850 to R$1,805), whereas the later, a decrease of 5.8% (from R$ 1,230 to R$ 1,159), and military and civil servants, a decrease of 1.7% (from R$3,243 to R$3,188). The average monthly real income from the main job earned by self-employed persons fell by 9.1% from 2014 to 2015, with a change from R$ 1,632 to R$ 1,484.

Income from all sources falls in all ten income range s

In 015 the average monthly real income from all sources (of persons aged 15 and over, income earners) was R$1,746, 5.4% less than in 2014 (R$1,845).

There was decrease of the average monthly income from all the tenths of incomemdistribution, according to their income from all sources. The 5% highest income earners faced a decrease of 6.7% in their average income and the 1% highest eaners (those who earned, on the average, R$ 20,048) faced a decrease of 6.9%. Among the 10% lowest earers, there was decrease of 7.8%.

Between 2014 and 2015, in spte of the reduction of income in the lowest strata, the Gini Index of income distribution from all sources faced decrease, from 0.497 to 0.491, as a result of a more significant decrease of average income ith the tenths of the population earning the highest income. This Gini index has recorded decreasing figures since 2004, when it was 0.555.

Household income falls 7.5% in 2015

In 2015, the average income of permanente private housing units was R$3,186, 7.5% less than in 2014 (R$ 3,443). The lowest averages were found in the Northeast (R$2,114) and North (R$2,433). The Gini Index of monthly income distribution for permanente private housing units in Brazil changed from 0.494 in 2014 to 0.493 in 2015.

As for the the household monthly income per capita, in 2015, 44.7% of the housing units with income earned up to 1 minimum wage per resident (30.5 million); 32.5% were placed in ranges of household income of 1 to 2 minimum wages (22.2 million); and 19.9% reported household income per capita of 2 or more minimum wages (13.6 million). The other (2.9%) did not provide a report.

From 2014 to 2015, the decrease of average monthly household income per capita in Brazil was 7.2%, from R$1,369 to R$1,270. There were decreases in all the strata of this distribution, but it was more significant among the 10% with the lowest household income per capita (from 9.4%, changing from R$ 170 to R$ 154), than among housing units belonging to the last tenth (10% highest earners), who faced a decrease of 8.2% (from R$ 5,696 to R$ 5,231). As a result, the ratio between the first and the last tenths changed from 33.5 to 34.0 between 2014 and 2015, in a trend to increase of inequality of household monthly income per capita.

Employed population falls for the first time since 2004

The employed population was 94.8 million persons in 2015, which represented a decrease of 3.9% in relation to 2014 (98.6 million), the first decrease observed in the series 2004-2015. All the Major Regions recorded decrease of the employed population in 2015, and in the Notheast, the decrease was 5.4%.

The reduction of the employed population had na impact on the employment-population ratio (proportion of employed persons in the population aged 15 and over), which fell 3.3 percentage points in relation to 2014, staying at 58.6%. Among women, less than half of the population aged 15 and over was employed (48.0%), whereas among men, the employment population ration reached 70.2%.

Another consequence of the decrease of the employed population took place among the economically-active population (persons aged 15 and over who were working or searching for work), which changed from 105.9 milllion to 104.8 million persons, a 1.0% decline. The economically-active population increased 6.7%, and reached 57.0 million persons. In 2014, there were 53.4 million non-economically-active persons.

Number of employed with a formal contracr falls 5.1% in 2015

Among the groups of activity, services accounted, in 2015, for most of the employed persons (46.3%), with about 43.9 million persons, followed by trade and repair, with 17.2 million (18.2%), agricultural activities, with 13.2 million (13.9%), industry, with 11.9 million (12.6%), and construction, with 8.5 milllion (9.0%). All the groups recorded decrease in relation to 2014, being most of them recorded in industry, of approximately one million persons (-8.0%).

In 2015, the number of employed persons with a formal contract in the private sector in non-agricultural activity (33.3 million) recorded a decrease of 5.1% (minus 1.8 million persons) in relation to 2014. The decrease of unemployment in the private sector was proportionally more significant among workers without a formal contract (-9.1%), versus those with a formal contract (-5.1%), and that increased from 78.5% to 79.4% the proportion of workers with a formal contract in the private non-agricultural sector.

In 2015, 60.6% of the employed population was in the labor market as na employee (57.4 million persons). There was increase of 1.6 p.p. in the participation of self-employed workers, whoc accounted for 23.0% (21.8 milllion persons). Domestic workers made up 6.% (6. milllion persons) and employers, 3.7% (3.6 million persons) of the employed population.

Two million employees did not contribute to social security

In 2015, 62.0% of the employed persons (58.8 million) used to contribute to a social security institute. This proportion increased in relation to 2014 (61.7%) due to the reduction of the employment population, however, in terms of number, there was decrease of about 2.0 million persons.

From the total 21.7 million self-employed workers, in 2015, about 4.3 million (19.8%) worked in enterprises registered in the National Directory of Legal Entities. In 2014, this percentage was 19.0%. Among the 3.6 million employees, 2.9 million had a register, that is, 82.0%. In 2014, it was 80.5%.

Unemployed population reaches 10 million persons in 2015

The number of unempoyed persons (those aged 15 and over, who were not employed and had taken action in order to find a job) increased 38.1% (2.8 million persons more) in 2015, reaching 10.0 million. Unemployment increased in all the Major Regions, mainly in the Southeast (46.0%) and South (66.1%).

More than half (53.6%) of the unemployed were women; 26.3% had never worked; 33.4% were youngsters aged 18 to 24; 60.4% were black or brown; and 48.2% had not finisehd high school.

The unemployment rate increased 2.7 percentage points in relation to 2014, and hit 9.6%. All the Major Regions recorded increase, being the lowest rates those of the South (6.8%) and Southeast (10.7%).

A highlight is the increase of the unemployment rate among youngsters aged 18 and 24 from 15.2% in 2014 to 21.3% in 2015, with na incremente of 6.1 p.p. For men, in 2015, the unemployment rate was 7.9% and, for women, 11.7%.

Number of working children and teenagers decreases

PNAD recorded, in 2015, 2.7 million persons working in Brazil, which represented a decrease of 19.8% (-659 thousand) in the number of working children and teenagers. Out of this total, 15.4% (412 thousand) were between 5 and 13 years of age. In 2014, 554 Thousand were in this age group.

The average monthly household income per capita of employed children aged 5 to 13 was estimated at R$ 482, being R$ 676 for children in this age group who did not work. The average number of hours worked was 12.9 hours. The employed population in this age range was mostly responsible for agricultural activities (64.%) and the schooling rate was 97.4%, versus 98.1% of non-working children.

Illiteracy rate in Brazil falls to 8.0%

In 2015, the illiteracy rate of persons aged 15 was estimated at 8.0% (12.9 milllion illitrate persons), a decrease of 0.3 percentage points in relation to 2014 (8.3% or 13.7 milllion persons). In 2004, the illiteracy rate was 11.5% (15.3 milllion). The Northeast Region had percentages above those of the other regions in all the years analyzed, but also recorded the main decreases, with a change from 22.4%, in 2004, to 16.2%, in 2015. The lowest rates were still those of th e South (4.1%) and Southeast Region (4.3%).

The illiteracy rate increased with age, reaching 22.3% for persons aged 60 and over in 2015. For the group aged 15 to 19 years of age, it did not reach 1.0%. For men and women, the rates were 8.3% and 77%, respectively.

The functional illiteracy rate (proportion of eprsons aged 15 and over with less than four years of schooling in relation to the overall number of persons in the same age group) chaged from 17.6% (2014) to 17.1% (2015). The Northeast Region kept the highest percentage (26.6%), whereas the Southeast (12.4%) and the South (13.4%) had the lowst indexes.

In 2015, 52.0% of the population aged 25 and over was concentrated in levels of schooling up to complete primary school or the like; 26.4% had complete high school and 13.5%, complete higher education. In 2014, the percentages were 53.1%, 25.5% and 13.1%, respectively.

The average number of years of schooling in Brazil was 7.8, versus 7.7 in 2014. The Southeast Region recorded the highest average (8.5 years), whereas the Northeast and the North Region recorded the lowest averages (6.7 and 7.3 years, respectively). Women had na average number of years of schooling than men (8.0 and 7.6, respectively).

Number of children aged 4 to 5 in schools records increase

The school attendance rates, in 2015, in Brazil, were: 98.6% for children aged 6 to 14 years of age (compulsory primary school); 85.0% for the group aged 15 to 17 (high school) and 30.7% for yougnsters aged 18 to 24.

The schooling rate in the Brazilian Major Regions neared the national rate, except in the range of 4 to 5 years of age. In Brazil, this indicator was 84.3% in 2015, whereas in the North Region, twhich had he lowest rate, 71.3%. The highest rate was 88.9% in the Northeast Region.

The schooling rate of children aged 4 to 5 recorded the biggest increase: in 2004, 70.0% of the children in this age group were attending school; in 2015, this percentage changed to 84.3%.

Number of elderly persons increases and number of children up to 4 declines

The Brazilian population increased 0.8% in 2015, amounting to 204.9 million persons, na incremente of 1.7 million residentes in relation to 2014. The biggest changes were those of the Central West (1.5%) and North (1.4%). With 85.9 million persons (41.9% of the total population), the Southeast had the biggest number of residents, whereas the Central West recorded the smallest result, with 15.5 milllion persons (7.6%of the total population).

The elderly (persons aged 60 and over) made up, in 2015, 14.3% of the population, versus 13.7% in the previous year. the participation of the population aged 0 to 4 changed from 6.6% in 2014 to 6.3% in 2015. The biggest percentages of elderly are in the South (16%) and Southeast (15.7), whereas the North Region held the highest relative concentration of children and youngsters, with 45.0% of persons up to 24 years of age.

Populações parda e branca praticamente se igualam

Em 2015, a população era composta por 45,2% de pessoas de cor branca, 45,1% de pardos e 8,9% de pretos. A população branca vem diminuindo desde 2004, enquanto há um aumento dos demais grupos. A partir de 2006, a participação da população branca passou a ser inferior à das populações parda e preta em conjunto.

A composição da população segundo a cor ou raça entre as grandes regiões é bastante diferenciada. Enquanto 76,7% da população da região Sul declarou-se branca, estes percentuais foram 21,2% na Norte e 26,4% na Nordeste. Por outro lado, nestas regiões, a maioria se declarou parda, com 70,2% e 62,0%, respectivamente.

Reduz o número de migrantes em São Paulo

Em 2015, 15,3% das pessoas não tinham nascido na unidade da federação em que residiam, um total de 31,4 milhões. Em relação ao município de residência, esse número ficou em 78,3 milhões (38,2% da população).

A região Centro-Oeste apresentou os maiores percentuais tanto em relação aos que não nasceram na unidade da federação (34,0%), quanto em relação ao município de residência (52,8%). A região Nordeste apresentou os menores percentuais (7,2% em relação à unidade da federação e 30,4% em relação ao município de residência).

Embora São Paulo tenha sido o estado com o maior contingente de migrantes, tanto em relação ao município de residência (19,8 milhões de pessoas) como em relação à unidade da federação (10,1 milhões de pessoas), estes números reduziram em relação ao ano anterior em 3,8% e 3,1%, respectivamente.

Rede coletora de esgoto atinge 1,9 milhão de domicílios a mais que em 2014

A proporção de domicílios com rede coletora de esgoto passou de 63,5% em 2014 para 65,3% em 2015. Um incremento de 1,9 milhão, totalizando 44,5 milhões de domicílios atendidos.

Em 2015, houve um aumento de 1,5% ou de 876 mil de domicílios atendidos pela rede geral de abastecimento de água. Com isso, dos 68 milhões de domicílios existentes em 2015, 58,1 milhões (85,4%) eram atendidos pela rede geral de abastecimento de água. Em relação a 2004 (82,1%), a alta foi de 3,3 pontos percentuais.

A coleta de lixo cobria 89,8% dos domicílios em 2015 (61,1 milhões), percentual que não variou em relação ao ano anterior. Frente a 2004 (84,6%), houve crescimento de 5,2 pontos percentuais. A proporção de domicílios atendidos pelo serviço de iluminação elétrica também permaneceu estável de um ano para o outro (99,7%), atingindo 67,8 milhões de domicílios em 2015. Em relação a 2004 (96,8%), a alta foi de 2,9 pontos percentuais.

Pela primeira vez, cai o número de domicílios com microcomputador

O total de domicílios com microcomputador foi de 31,4 milhões em 2015 (46,2%), uma redução de 3,4% em relação a 2014 (48,5%). Destes, 27,5 milhões tinham computador com acesso à internet (40,5% frente a 42,1% em 2014). Foi a primeira vez que se observou redução no total de domicílios com microcomputador e com microcomputador com acesso à Internet, embora o total de moradores com acesso à Internet tenha aumentado (de 54,4% em 2014 para 57,5% em 2015). Isto se deve ao aumento do acesso através de outros equipamentos e em outros locais que não o domicílio.

O número de domicílios com máquina de lavar roupa foi o que apresentou o maior crescimento de 2014 (58,7%) para 2015 (61,1%), um aumento de 2,5 pontos percentuais (2,3 milhões de domicílios a mais com esse bem). As regiões Norte (39,5%) e Nordeste (30,7%) ficaram abaixo da média.

Acesso a internet cresce 7,1% entre pessoas com 10 anos ou mais de idade

No Brasil, aproximadamente 102,1 milhões de pessoas de 10 anos ou mais de idade acessaram a Internet no período de referência da PNAD em 2015. Foi um crescimento de 7,1% (ou 6,7 milhões de usuários) em relação a 2014. De 2014 para 2015, a proporção de internautas passou de 54,4% para 57,5% do total da população.

As pessoas de 15 a 17 anos (82,0%) de idade e de 18 ou 19 anos de idade (82,9%) apresentaram as maiores proporções de usuários de Internet em 2015. Contudo, os maiores aumentos de usuários ocorreram nos grupos etários de 40 a 49 anos (que passaram de 49,4% em 2014 para 55,3% em 2015) e de 50 anos ou mais (de 24,3% para 27,8%).

Por sexo, 58,0% das mulheres e 56,8% dos homens acessaram a Internet. Em relação a 2014, 7,5% a mais de mulheres e 6,6% de homens acessaram a Internet.

Em um ano, houve incremento de 2,5 milhões de pessoas com celular

Em 2015, 139,1 milhões de pessoas de 10 anos ou mais de idade (78,3%) tinham telefone móvel celular para uso pessoal. Houve um incremento de 2,5 milhões de pessoas frente ao ano anterior (77,9%), o que representou um crescimento de 1,8%.

Em 2015, o grupo de idade com maior proporção de pessoas com posse de telefone móvel celular era o de 25 a 29 anos (89,8%). Todos os grupos etários tiveram proporções acima de 80,0%, exceto o de crianças de 10 a 14 anos de idade (54,1%). As mulheres (78,9%) apresentaram maior proporção que os homens (77,6%).